Growth and Characterization of Lithium Potassium Phthalate (LiKP) Single Crystals for Third Order Nonlinear Optical Applications

B. Sivakumar,S. Gokul Raj,G. Ramesh Kumar,R. Mohan 대한화학회 2012 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.33 No.11

Single crystals of lithium potassium phthalate (LiKP) were successfully grown from aqueous solution by solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The lithium potassium phthalate C16 H12 K Li3 O11 belongs to triclinic system with the following unit-cell dimensions at 298(2) K; a = 7.405(5) Å; b = 9.878(5) Å; c = 13.396(5) Å; α = 71.778(5)°; β = 87.300(5)°; γ = 85.405(5)°; having a space group P1. Mass spectrometric analysis provides the molecular weight of the compound and possible ways of fragmentations occurs in the compound. Thermal stability of the crystal was also studied by both simultaneous TGA/DTA analyses. The UV-Vis-NIR spectrum shows a good transparency in the whole of Visible and as well as in the near IR range. Third order nonlinear optical studies have also been studied by Z-scan technique. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also estimated. The results have been discussed in detail.

Growth and Characterization of Lithium Potassium Phthalate (LiKP) Single Crystals for Third Order Nonlinear Optical Applications

Sivakumar, B.,Raj, S. Gokul,Kumar, G. Ramesh,Mohan, R. Korean Chemical Society 2012 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.33 No.11

Single crystals of lithium potassium phthalate (LiKP) were successfully grown from aqueous solution by solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The lithium potassium phthalate $C_{16}\;H_{12}\;K\;Li_3\;O_{11}$ belongs to triclinic system with the following unit-cell dimensions at 298(2) K;$a=7.405(5){\AA}$;$b=9.878(5){\AA}$;$c=13.396(5){\AA}$;${\alpha}=71.778(5)^{\circ}$;${\beta}=87.300(5)^{\circ}$;${\gamma}=85.405(5)^{\circ}$; having a space group P1. Mass spectrometric analysis provides the molecular weight of the compound and possible ways of fragmentations occurs in the compound. Thermal stability of the crystal was also studied by both simultaneous TGA/DTA analyses. The UV-Vis-NIR spectrum shows a good transparency in the whole of Visible and as well as in the near IR range. Third order nonlinear optical studies have also been studied by Z-scan technique. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also estimated. The results have been discussed in detail.

THERMAL EFFECTS OF EYELID IN HUMAN EYE TEMPERATURE MODEL

Gokul, K.C.,Gurung, D.B.,Adhikary, P.R. The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2014 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.32 No.5

Presence of eyelid on anterior ocular surface and its thermal effects play significant role in maintaining eye temperature. In most of the literatures of thermal modeling in human eye, the eyelid is not considered as an eye component. In this paper, finite element model is developed to investigate the thermal effects of eyelid closure and opening in human eye. Based on different properties and parameter values reported in literatures, the bio-heat transfer process is simulated and compared with experimental results in steady and transient state cases. The sensitivity analysis using various ambient temperatures, evaporation rates, blood temperatures and lens thermal conductivities is carried out. The temperature values so obtained in open eye show a good agreement with past results. The closure of eyelid is found to increase/decrease the eye temperature significantly than its opening, when the parameter values are considered to be at extreme.

THERMAL EFFECTS OF EYELID IN HUMAN EYE TEMPERATURE MODEL

K. C. Gokul,D. B. Gurung,P. R. Adhikary 한국전산응용수학회 2014 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.32 No.5

Presence of eyelid on anterior ocular surface and its thermal effects play significant role in maintaining eye temperature. In most of the literatures of thermal modeling in human eye, the eyelid is not considered as an eye component. In this paper, finite element model is developed to investigate the thermal effects of eyelid closure and opening in human eye. Based on different properties and parameter values reported in literatures, the bio-heat transfer process is simulated and compared with experimental results in steady and transient state cases. The sensitivity analysis using various ambient temperatures, evaporation rates, blood temperatures and lens thermal conductivities is carried out. The temperature values so obtained in open eye show a good agreement with past results. The closure of eyelid is found to increase/decrease the eye temperature significantly than its opening, when the parameter values are considered to be at extreme.

Binarized Spiking Neural Networks Optimized with Color Harmony Algorithm for Liver Cancer Classification

Pushpa Balakrishnan,B. Baskaran,S. Vivekanan,P. Gokul 대한전자공학회 2023 IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing Vol.12 No.6

Binarized spiking neural networks optimized with a color harmony algorithm for liver cancer classification (BSNN-CHA-LCC) are proposed to classify liver cancer as normal and abnormal. Initially, fusion of an MRI dataset and CT-scan datasets of a liver cancer dataset were taken, and the input images were given to CWF-based preprocessing for removing noise and increasing the quality of input computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The preprocessed images of CT and MRI are given to improve the non-sub sampled Shearlet transform (INSST) method-based feature extraction for extracting features. The extracted features were given BSNN to classify liver cancer as normal and abnormal. The proposed method was implemented, and the efficiency of the proposed BSNN-CHA-LCC method was evaluated under performance metrics, such as precision, sensitivity, F-scores, specificity, accuracy, error rate, and computational time. The proposed technique achieved23.03%, 11.56%, and 21.22% higher accuracy and 36.12%, 15.23%, and 27.11% lower error rates than the existing models, such as hybrid-feature analysis depending on machine-learning for liver cancer categorization utilizing fused images (MLP-LCC), Deep learning-based classification of liver cancer histopathology images utilizing only global labels (mask-RCNN-LCC), and deep learning based liver cancer identification utilizing watershed transform and Gaussian mixture method (DNN-GMM-LCC), respectively.

Design and Analysis of 3D-MAPS (3D Massively Parallel Processor with Stacked Memory)

Dae Hyun Kim,Athikulwongse, Krit,Healy, Michael B.,Hossain, Mohammad M.,Moongon Jung,Khorosh, Ilya,Kumar, Gokul,Young-Joon Lee,Lewis, Dean L.,Tzu-Wei Lin,Chang Liu,Panth, Shreepad,Pathak, Mohit,Minzhe IEEE 2015 IEEE Transactions on Computers Vol. No.

<P>This paper describes the architecture, design, analysis, and simulation and measurement results of the 3D-MAPS (3D massively parallel processor with stacked memory) chip built with a 1.5 V, 130 nm process technology and a two-tier 3D stacking technology using 1.2 \microm-diameter, 6 \micro m-height through-silicon vias (TSVs) and 3.4\nbsp\microm-diameter face-to-face bond pads. 3D-MAPS consists of a core tier containing 64 cores and a memory tier containing 64 memory blocks. Each core communicates with its dedicated 4KB SRAM block using face-to-face bond pads, which provide negligible data transfer delay between the core and the memory tiers. The maximum operating frequency is 277 MHz and the maximum memory bandwidth is 70.9 GB/s at 277 MHz. The peak measured memory bandwidth usage is 63.8 GB/s and the peak measured power is approximately 4 W based on eight parallel benchmarks.</P>

Fabrication of p-n Junction Diode Using SnO/SnO2 Thin Films and Its Device Characteristics

R. Sathyamoorthy,K. M. Abhirami,B. Gokul,Sanjeev Gautam,채근화,K. Asokan 대한금속·재료학회 2014 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.10 No.4

Present study demonstrates the feasibility of using oxides of Sn to fabricate the p-n junction diode and reports the device characteristics. Reactive thermal evaporation method was used to fabricate the p-type SnO and n-type SnO2 multilayer thin films. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra depict the presence of both SnO and SnO2 layers. The interface of the p-n junction analyzed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern confirmed the presence of SnO-SnO2 layers. The diode shows rectifying current-voltage characteristics with forward threshold voltage of 3.5 V.