文学作品にみる対外感覚 ―「国難」蒙古襲来に際して―

Saito Ayumi 단국대학교 일본연구소 2018 일본학연구 Vol.54 No.-

The Mongol Invasion was, without doubt, one of the most decisive crises which occurred in medieval Japan. The expansion of the Mongol Empire made an epoch in world history, and then Japan was involved in the international conflicts of East Asia. At that time, there was political dualism in Japan, in which the imperial court in Kyoto and the shogunate in Kamakura coexisted. Against these backgrounds, responses to the crisis witnessed diverse aspects. There are many topics to consider, such as diplomatic aspects, military process, reactions from the religious circle, domestic social contexts and so on. This article focuses on literary works to reveal how this crucial incident was described or mentioned; what sort of perceptions or feelings did Japanese people have toward the Mongol Invasion or so-called “Kokunan (National Crisis)”? and how did those perceptions and feelings affect the foreign perception of Japanese? We will examine this topic in depth, with referencing to recent studies. 蒙古襲来は中世日本における重大な事件である。無論モンゴルの拡大は世界史の大きなエポックであって、日本も東アジアの国際情勢に参与した。日本は当時、京都の朝廷と鎌倉幕府が並立する二重権力構造の形態であった。その結果、この危機への対応は様々な様相を見せている。外交的側面・軍事的経過・宗教界の反応・国内の社会情勢など、検討するべき問題は多い。本稿はこの大事件について文学作品がどのような発言を見せているかを主題とした。「国難」と言われる蒙古襲来についての感覚はどのようなものだったか?意外なほどにその発言は少ない。その感覚はその後の日本の対外認識の形成とどう関連するかについて考察する。

『増鏡』「内野の雪」をめぐって ―鎌倉時代の分水嶺―

Saito Ayumi 단국대학교 일본연구소 2019 일본학연구 Vol.58 No.-

“Masukagami” is a story that describes the Kamakura period in Japan. “Uchino no yuki (Snow in Uchino)” examined in this paper deals with the first half of Go-Saga Emperor’s rule. Twenty years before this, the traditional noble government tried to defeat the newly formed samurai administration, and they were defeated. This period is a stable 30 years in the Kamakura era, but the cause of the confusion of the next era was also prepared. That is, it can be called an important turning point of the Kamakura period. In addition, there are two lines in the text, in this part of “Masukagami”, and the superiority and inferiority and the establishment process have not been elucidated.In view of this position, I will consider how people were aware of the times. In addition, I will try to make a proposal to the writing process of this literary work. 『増鏡』は日本の鎌倉時代を叙述する物語である。本稿で検討する「内野の雪」は後嵯峨天皇の治世前半を扱う。これに先立つこと20年前、伝統的な貴族政権は新しく成立した武家政権に挑戦し敗北した。この時代は鎌倉時代の中では安定した30年間であるが、次の時代の混乱の原因も準備されていた。つまり鎌倉時代の重要な転換点と呼ぶことが可能である。『増鏡』自体も本文系統に大きな混乱が見られる部分であり、この場所を検討することによって当時の人々がどのように時代を認識していたかについて考察し、その検討の中でこの作品の執筆過程について提言を試みる。

帝紀『増鏡』の始発 ー後鳥羽院物語の示すものー

Saito Ayumi 단국대학교 일본연구소 2015 일본학연구 Vol.44 No.-

In this paper I consider the narrative of the Gotoba-in in medieval history story “Masukagami”. Usually, “Masukagami” is defined as chronological, but considering the contents of the volumes, it can be referred to as “record of emperors”. And thinking the whole work with 4-parts of Gotoba-in story, GoSaga-in story, two courts period*, Godaigo story, we examined the nature of Gotoba-in story that this history story is started. Gotoba-in story has 3 volumes. It corresponds to the front and back of Jōkyū War that he has caused. The evaluation of him in “Masukagami” is positive. It is pictorially described as the chairman of the waka and aristocratic culture. Author have deliberately abstracted the point that has been criticized in another recording. In addition, it is necessary to note outlines the history of waka, samurai, aristocracy. These presented the ideal ancient traditions. He is not represented for the battle he caused. The both of his intention and the course of battle are not shown. In other medieval literary works describes that he was more interested in military things, dissatisfaction with samurai regime was strong, and he pursued the plan for the battle clearly. However, it is noted that none of the blessings of God in this work, steadily to bemoan the absurdity of that emperor was defeated by samurai. It was the first defeat on the Japanese history. The author was aware that there is no sufficient reason to this battle. However, he did not directly state it, and chose a way to imply. The life of Gotoba-in leaving capital, told in lyrical by his poetry. Gotoba-in is portrayed as president of culture, and disappeared in the battle under criticism, and resurrected in the isolated island. When read in conjunction with the preface, his story is situated on the starting point of the process of aristocracy lost power. This perception set the nature of this literary work. two courts period*-period which emperors were crowned from the two houses by turn. この論文では中世歴史物語『増鏡』の後鳥羽院についての叙述を検討する。『増鏡』は通常編年体と定義されるが、 巻の内容によって考えると「帝紀」と呼ぶことができる。そして作品全体を後鳥羽院物語・後嵯峨院物語・両統迭立期・後醍醐天皇物語の4部構成と考えて、この歴史物語が開始される後鳥羽院物語の性格を検討した。後鳥羽院物語は3巻である。それは彼が起こした承久の乱の前後に対応している。『増鏡』の中の彼の評価は肯定的である。和歌や貴族文化の中心として絵画的に記述されている。他の記録に批判されている点を意図的に捨象している。また、和歌・武士・貴族政治の歴史を概説する点をも注目する必要がある。これらは理想的な古代の伝統を提示している。彼が起こした戦いについては表現されていない。彼の意図も戦いの経過も示されない。他の中世の文学作品では彼が軍事的なことに関心が高かったこと、武家政権に対する不満が強く、 自ら戦いを計画したことが明確に書かれている。しかし、この作品では神の加護が無かったことを記して、一途に天皇が武士に敗北したことの不条理を嘆く。それは日本歴史上初めてのことであった。作者はこの戦いに正当性がないことを意識していた。 しかし、それを直接的に記さず、 暗示する方法を選んだ。 都を離れた後鳥羽院の生活は、彼の和歌によって叙情的に語られる。 後鳥羽院物語は文化の主宰者として描かれ、批判せざるを得ない戦いでは姿を消し、都を離れた離島で復活する。 序文と併せて読むと、彼の物語は貴族が権力を失う過程の起点である。これがこの作品の性格を決定しているのだ。

日本古典文学にみる感染症の流行 -古代 · 中世を中心に-

齊藤?(AYUMI SAITO) 경북대학교 인문학술원 2020 동서인문 Vol.0 No.14

일본에서는 고대부터 근세까지 감염에 관한 기록이 많이 남아있다. 그 중에는 일본 역사의 전환점 · 유명한 인물의 동향, 그리고 고전 문학의 중요한 장면에 관계하는 사례도 많다. 이 논문에서는 그들을 선택하여 소개하고 필자의 견해를 언급하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구체적으로 말하면, 감염은 불교 전래 시에는 박해의 이유가 되고, 나중에는 불교로 그 감염으로부터 국가를 지키려 했다. 헤이안 시대에는 정치가의 운명을 결정하며 중세에서는 정치 체제의 변화에 큰 영향을 주었다. 그리고 그 상황에 대한 대처 및 수용하는 감성에 대해는 일본인 고유의 특징을 지적 할 수 있다. 구체적으로 말하면 귀신이 가져온 재해를 제거하려는 의식 그리고 원인이 되고 있는 원령을 위무라고하는 방법 및 외국의 신을 숭배하는 제례 등이다. 또한 이러한 사례는 고대 · 중세에 한정되는 것이 아니라, 근현대에도 상속되는 문제이다. There are many records of infectious diseases from ancient times to the early modern period in Japan. Cases often relate to watersheds in the Japanese history, trends in famous people, and important scenes of classical literature. The objective of this paper is to introduce a selection of cases and present the author’s views. For instance, the infectious disease was used as a reason for persecution when Buddhism was introduced. However, the government later decided to use the power of Buddhism to protect the country from infection. During the Heian period, it determined the fate of politicians and in the Medieval period it was a factor of change in the political system. The various methods of dealing with infectious diseases reveal the uniqueness of the Japanese people. Those include rituals to put an end to a calamity caused a ghost, the placation of the ghost causing it, and rituals worshipping foreign gods. These issues are not limited to ancient and medieval times, but are also inherites in modern times.

고토바인(後鳥羽院) 원령(怨靈)의 제상(諸相)

사이토아유미 ( Saito Ayumi ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2014 民族文化硏究 Vol.65 No.-

고대(古代) 일본의 저명한 원령에 대해 개관하고 중세 고토바인(1180-1239)의 사적을 소개 한 후, 그의 사후에 현세 사람들이 그의 영혼을 어떻게 대우했는지 를 검토한다. 검토 대상은 여러 기록, 사론(史論), 문학작품 등이다. ‘원령``이 존재 하는가 하는 물음에 대해서는 과학적으로는 부정적인 대답 밖에 얻을 수가 없을 것이다. 사자(死者)의 혼에 마음을 쓰는 것은 자연스러운 원초적 감정이다. 현대를 사는 인간도 결코 그로부터 자유롭지 못하다. 그러나 인간은 긴 역사 속에서 그 감정 을 다루는 방법을 체득해 왔다. 그것에는 몇 가지 방법이 있는 것 같다. 첫째는 산자의 위령 행위를 통해 진혼하는 것이다. 두 번째는 위령 행위에 포함되는 경 우도 많은데, 이야기하기를 통해 너무나도 강렬한 혼을 재구성하는 것이다. 세 번 째는 불합리한 것으로서 버리는 것이다. 구체적으로 확정하기는 곤란하다고 하더 라도 위령과 이야기하기는 고대부터 현대에 이르기까지 계속되고, 어느 시점부터 불합리한 것으로 치부하는 것이 시작되었다고 해도 그다지 틀린 말은 아닐 것이다.위령과 이야기하기는 현대에도 계승되고 있는데, 그것이 국가의 시책에까지 영 향을 주는 것에 대해 우리는 위화감을 느끼지 않을 수 없다. 본론에서 다루는 ‘원 령(怨.)’이라는 것은 그와 같은 사례다. 1장의 ‘고대 일본의 원혼’에서 소개하는 세 사람은 그 중에서도 대표적인 인물이다. 사와라 친왕(早良親王)이 그 첫 예이 고, 스가와라 미치자네(菅原道.)는 현재에도-‘학문의 신’으로서 이기는 하지만-모 노가타리(物語)의 소재로서 긴 생명을 지니고 있다. 스토쿠인(崇.院)은 겨우 백 여 년 이전까지는 공포의 대상이었다. 그러나 본론의 주제인 고토바인(後鳥羽院) 원령은 이전 원령들의 문맥을 계승하면서도 중세 전반이라고 하는 시점에 이르러 불합리한 것으로 향하는 과도기에 위치한 것은 아닐까? ‘원령``을 발동시키는 것은 역사적 사건과 죽은 자를 묶는 인식이다. 그런 의미 에서 각 시대에 발동한 원령은 필연적으로 당시의 사회적 사상적 배경을 반영하 게 된다. 본 발표는 고토바인 원령을 통해 중세 일본 사회의 일단을 고찰하려는 시도이다. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the ghost of Gotoba-In(1180-1239), an ex-emperor in mediaeval Japan, was dealt with by people, after overviewing famous ghosts in the period and introducing what he achieved over his life. We explore official records, historical documents and literatures. There should be negative view, from the scientific point of view, about the existence of the ghost. However, when the dead are recognized through the historical viewpoints, the ghost can emerge as the reality in people’s mind. In this sense, the ghost who appears in an era should necessarily emerge against the social and ideological backgrounds of the time. This paper tries to consider a dimension of the medieval society in Japan through the ghost of Gotoba-In. In the ancient period Prince Sawara was deprived of the status of crown prince, regarded opposing against his elder brother, emperor Kanmu. Sawara, who tried to justify himself in vain before his death, is a typical archetype of the ghost of this kind. Many natural disasters were attributed to his ghost afterwards, and the palace tried to recover his honors, building his shrine. In the medieval age, Sutoku-In contended to gain political powers against his younger brother and was defeated, then sent to the province and died dreaming to back to the capital. It can be thought that he had been fully entitled to be the ghost. However, the historical understanding, in which his disturbances transferred the aristocratic society to the age of samurai, was brewed although the understanding was beyond the historical reality. As a result, it can be said that his ghost established seven hundred years while the samurai ruled. Gotoba-In, the case study of this paper, tried to recover the rule of the emperor from the samurai governments, but was defeated. His ghost feared people more appallingly than that of Sutoku-In. However, his hatred was to emerge in a strange situation. The emperorship was succeeded to one of his offspring when his ghostwas expected to emerge. His disturbance resulted in fortifying the rule of samurai, but his ghost could not influence on the society at the same time. This paper will consider the reason in the context of the (social and cultural) currents of the medieval age.

中世日本の「戦後」 : 『増鏡』を中心に

사이토 아유미(Saito Ayumi)(斎藤歩) 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 日本硏究所 2015 日本硏究 Vol.0 No.65

「마스카가미」(増鏡)는 일본 중세 가마쿠라(鎌倉)시대를 서술 대상으로 하는 역사 이야기이다. 본 논문에서는 중세 초기의 전란이 종식된 시기를 검토했다. 「후지고로모(藤衣)」「미카미야미(三神山)」 두 권이다. 이 두 권은 귀족이 대두하고 있던 무사 정권에 도전했다가 압도적인 패배를 당한 「조큐의 난(承久の乱」 직후에 위치하고 있다. 필자는 이 시기를 전국적인 전란이 끝나고 또한 귀족 정권에서 무가 정권으로 넘어가는 큰 변화가 일어났다는 의미에서 「중세 일본의 전후(戰後)」 라고 정의했다. 이 과도기를 귀족층의 저서인 문학작품이 어떻게 묘사하고 있는지를 고찰하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 그 서술은 직접적으로 사실을 검토하고 비판 한 것이라고는 할 수 없다. 어떤 경우에는 전통적인 문학 작품의 방법을 사용하고 어떤 때에는 사실을 애매하게 표현하고 있다. 그러나 그 중에는 단순히 인식하고 있지 않은 상태와 의식하고 그러한 서술을 선택하는 경우가 혼재하고 있다고 여겨진다. 이러한 과거에 대한 인식은 역사가 왕조에서 무가정권으로 이행해가는 흐름과 통하는 부분이 있는 것은 아닐까. 본 논문이 다룬 시대는 가마쿠라 시대 중에서 전란기와 안정기의 사에에 해당한다. 그 역사적 의미는 결코 작은 것이 아니다. 그러나 문학 작품에서 이 시대를 직접 고찰한 논고는 아직 찾아 볼 수 없다. 본 논문은 그 검토의 실마리라 할 수 있을 것이다. "Masukagami" is a historical story depicting the Japanese medieval Kamakura era. In this paper I examined the time the war ended in the first half of the middle ages. Two volumes "Fujigoromo" "Mikami-Yama" are equivalent to that period These volumes has been located after the Jōkyū war. Nobility was overwhelmingly defeated by samurai in that war. I have defined this period as the "post-war in medieval Japan." During this time, national war was over, and aristocrat regime have sifted to samurai regime. In this paper, I investigated how did this literary works (written by the nobility) depict this transition. The narrative does not consider historical fact directly. Critics also does not exist. The author has followed the way of traditional literary works. He represented the historical facts vaguely. On one occasion, the author might not recognize simply. But at other times, he chose that method consciously. Two cases are mixed. I think this recognition of the past is related to the transition to the samurai regime from dynasty. This paper dealing with the valley between the war period and the stable period of the Kamakura period. Its historical significance is never small. However, there is no paper discussed the period in connection with the literature directly. This paper is positioned as a beginning of that study.

Head and neck radiotherapy-induced changes in dentomaxillofacial structures detected on panoramic radiographs: A systematic review

Munhoz, Luciana,Nishimura, Danielle Ayumi,Iida, Christyan Hiroshi,Watanabe, Plauto Christopher Aranha,Arita, Emiko Saito Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2021 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.51 No.-

Purpose: This study aimed to summarize the impact of neck and head radiation treatment on maxillofacial structures detected on panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, the authors searched PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for original research studies up to February 2020 that included the following Medical Subject Headings keywords: words related to "radiotherapy" and synonyms combined with keywords related to "panoramic radiography" and "oral diagnosis" and synonyms. Only original studies in English that investigated the maxillofacial effects of radiotherapy via panoramic radiographs were included. The quality of the selected manuscripts was evaluated by assessing the risk of bias using Cochrane's ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Results: Thirty-three studies were eligible and included in this review. The main objectives pertained to the assessment of the effects of radiation on maxillofacial structures, including bone architecture alterations, periodontal space widening, teeth development abnormalities, osteoradionecrosis, and implant bone loss. The number of participants evaluated ranged from 8 to 176. Conclusion: The interaction between ionizing radiation and maxillofacial structures results in hazard to the tissues involved, particularly the bone tissue, periosteum, connective tissue of the mucosa, and endothelium. Hard tissue changes due to radiation therapy can be detected on panoramic radiographs.

Head and neck radiotherapy-induced changes in dentomaxillofacial structures detected on panoramic radiographs: A systematic review

Munhoz Luciana,Nishimura Danielle Ayumi,Iida Christyan Hiroshi,Watanabe Plauto Christopher Aranha,Arita Emiko Saito 대한영상치의학회 2021 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.51 No.3

Purpose: This study aimed to summarize the impact of neck and head radiation treatment on maxillofacial structures detected on panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, the authors searched PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for original research studies up to February 2020 that included the following Medical Subject Headings keywords: words related to “radiotherapy” and synonyms combined with keywords related to “panoramic radiography” and “oral diagnosis” and synonyms. Only original studies in English that investigated the maxillofacial effects of radiotherapy via panoramic radiographs were included. The quality of the selected manuscripts was evaluated by assessing the risk of bias using Cochrane’s ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Results: Thirty-three studies were eligible and included in this review. The main objectives pertained to the assessment of the effects of radiation on maxillofacial structures, including bone architecture alterations, periodontal space widening, teeth development abnormalities, osteoradionecrosis, and implant bone loss. The number of participants evaluated ranged from 8 to 176. Conclusion: The interaction between ionizing radiation and maxillofacial structures results in hazard to the tissues involved, particularly the bone tissue, periosteum, connective tissue of the mucosa, and endothelium. Hard tissue changes due to radiation therapy can be detected on panoramic radiographs.

Monitoring of Desertification Using Spectral Information in Lnner Mongolia, China

Tsuyoshi Akiyama,Kensuke Kawamura,Ayumi Fukuo,Genya Saito,Zuozhong Cheng 한국초지조사료학회 2009 한국초지조사료학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.08

Spectral measurement was applied to monitor degradation of steppe grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Supply of drinking water for domestic animal is an important for nomadic peoples in Xilingol steppe. There is only one main drinking place (site-00) for animals at the center of Branch No.4 of Baiyinkulun Livestock Farm. So the distance from the village (site-00) can be used as an effective indicator for grazing intensity since the water tank in the village is the main drinking place for animals. In addition to the measurement of surface reflectance, vegetation surveys were carried out as a function of the distance from site-00 at every 1-㎞ interval to each four directions until the 5-㎞ point. It has cleared that the effects of grazing on vegetation mitigated according to the distance from site-00. Negative plant indicators of grazing intensity such as Stipa grandis increased in dominance with distance from site-00, whereas positive indicators of grazing intensity, such as Cleistogenens squarrosa decreased. Changes in growth parameters along the environmental gradients were reflected on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), in which NDVI was positively correlated with the aboveground biomass (r=0.77), plant height (r=0.69) and coverage (r=0.89), respectively. These results suggested that a spectral vegetation index is effective for the detection of the degradation in free grazing grassland.

High expression of folate receptor alpha is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer

Shu Yazaki,Yuki Kojima,Hiroshi Yoshida,Shigemasa Takamizawa,Rui Kitadai,Tadaaki Nishikawa,Tatsunori Shimoi,Kazuki Sudo,Ayumi Saito,Hitomi Sumiyoshi Okuma,Maki Tanioka,Emi Noguchi,Masaya Uno,Mitsuya Is 대한부인종양학회 2022 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.33 No.6

Objective: Folate receptor α (FRα) is a membrane protein expressed in various solid tumors but has limited expression in normal cells. Therefore, FRα is an attractive target for cancer treatment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FRα expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and survivals of cervical cancer. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with cervical cancer who underwent primary surgery between 2000 and 2020 at our institution. Immunohistochemical staining of FRα was performed using an anti-folate-binding protein/FBP antibody. FRα-positive staining was defined as ≥5% of tumor staining and FRα-high as ≥50% tumor staining with ≥2+ intensity. The association between FRα expression and survival was assessed using multivariate Cox regression analysis, adjusting for established prognostic factors. Results: Overall, 123 patients were identified, and 140 tumor samples, including 17 paired primary and metastatic samples, were evaluated. As histological types, 67 patients had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 56 patients had non-SCC. All primary tumors were FRα-positive. High FRα expression was observed in 25% of the cases and differed according to histology (SCC vs. non-SCC, 14.9% vs. 37.5%, p=0.004). FRα expression was significantly higher in metastatic tumors than in primary (170 [IQR, 140–205] vs. 125 [IQR, 110–150], p=0.0006). High FRα expression was significantly associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 6.73; 95% confidence interval, 2.21–20.53; p=0.001). Conclusion: In cervical cancer, FRα expression was elevated in metastatic tumors and high expression was associated with a worse prognosis. Our study supports the development of FRα-targeted therapy for advanced cervical cancer.