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Ashokraj Shanmugam,Mohammad Rashed Hossain,Sathishkumar Natarajan,정희정,송재영,김회택,노일섭 한국식물생명공학회 2017 JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol.44 No.2
Fragaria × ananassa, a strawberry evolved from hybridization between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis, is a globally cultivated and consumed fruit crop valued for its flavor and nutritional value. Flavor and quality of fruits are determined by factors such as sugars and organic acids present during fruit development. These characteristics are highly subjective in different genotypes and affected by various environmental factors. In this study, we analyzed contents of major sugar compounds including fructose, glucose and sucrose by HPLC analysis in four cultivars namely, Maehyang, Seolhyang, Festival and Sweet Charlie. We identified 55 genes related to fructose, glucose, sucrose and soluble sugar regulation whose expression were analyzed in four cultivars at three developmental stages of the fruit namely, green, white and ripened stages. Expression of these genes across these progressive fruit developmental stages varied among cultivars. Among the 55 genes, genes FaFru3, FaSuc11 and FaGlu8 revealed differential patterns of expression along developmental stages of the fruit in high and low sugar-containing genotypes, respectively and may be putative candidates for sugar content in strawberries. Expression of genes are discussed with regard to corresponding sugar content in these genotypes. Further analysis and application of these genes may be valuable in developing high sugar containing cultivars via marker-assisted breeding.
Shanmugam, Ashokraj,Hossain, Mohammad Rashed,Natarajan, Sathishkumar,Jung, Hee-Jeong,Song, Jae-Young,Kim, Hoy-Taek,Nou, Ill-Sup The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2017 식물생명공학회지 Vol.26 No.4
$Fragaria{\times}ananassa$, a strawberry evolved from hybridization between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis, is a globally cultivated and consumed fruit crop valued for its flavor and nutritional value. Flavor and quality of fruits are determined by factors such as sugars and organic acids present during fruit development. These characteristics are highly subjective in different genotypes and affected by various environmental factors. In this study, we analyzed contents of major sugar compounds including fructose, glucose and sucrose by HPLC analysis in four cultivars namely, Maehyang, Seolhyang, Festival and Sweet Charlie. We identified 55 genes related to fructose, glucose, sucrose and soluble sugar regulation whose expression were analyzed in four cultivars at three developmental stages of the fruit namely, green, white and ripened stages. Expression of these genes across these progressive fruit developmental stages varied among cultivars. Among the 55 genes, genes FaFru3, FaSuc11 and FaGlu8 revealed differential patterns of expression along developmental stages of the fruit in high and low sugar-containing genotypes, respectively and may be putative candidates for sugar content in strawberries. Expression of genes are discussed with regard to corresponding sugar content in these genotypes. Further analysis and application of these genes may be valuable in developing high sugar containing cultivars via marker-assisted breeding.
Shanmugam, Ashokraj,Thamilarasan, Senthil Kumar,Park, Jong-In,Jung, Mi Young,Nou, Ill-Sup,Cloutier, S. Canadian Science Publishing 2016 Genome Vol.59 No.4
<P> SGT1 genes are involved in enhancing plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Brassica oleracea is known to contain two types of SGT1 genes, namely suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 and suppressor of GCR2. In this study, through systematic analysis, four putative SGT1 genes were identified and characterized in B. oleracea. In phylogenetic analysis, the genes clearly formed separate groups, namely BolSGT1a, BolSGT1b (both suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 types), and BolSGT1 (suppressor of GCR2). Functional domain analysis and organ-specific expression patterns suggested possible roles for BolSGT1 genes during stress conditions. BolSGT1 genes showed significant changes in expression in response to heat, cold, drought, salt, or ABA treatment. Interaction network analysis supported the expression analysis, and showed that the BolSGT1a and BolSGT1b genes are strongly associated with co-regulators during stress conditions. However, the BolSGT1 gene did not show any strong association. Hence, BolSGT1 might be a stress resistance-related gene that functions without a co-regulator. Our results show that BolSGT1 genes are potential target genes to improve B. oleracea resistance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, and salt. </P>
Ashokraj Shanmugam,Arif Hasan Khan Robin,Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan,Harshavardhanan Vijayakumar,Sathishkumar Natarajan,김호택,박종인,노일섭 한국식물학회 2017 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.60 No.5
The Minichromosome maintenance protein [MCM(2-7)] complex is associated with helicase activity for replicationfork formation during DNA replication. We identified andcharacterized each 12 putative MCM genes from Brassicaoleracea and Brassica rapa. MCM genes were classified intonine groups according to their evolutionary relationships. Ahigh number of syntenic regions were present on chromosomesC03 and A03 in B. oleracea and B. rapa, respectively, comparedto the other chromosomes. Expression analysis showed thatmost of the MCM(2-7) helicase-subunit genes and their coregulatingMCM genes were upregulated during hydroxyurea(HU) induced stress in B. oleracea. In B. rapa, MCM(2-7)helicase genes BrMCM2_2, BrMCM7_1, BrMCM7_2 and theirco-regulating genes were upregulated during replicationstress. During cold stress, BoMCM6 in B. oleracea andBrMCM5 in B. rapa were remarkably upregulated. Duringsalt stress, BoMCM6_2, BoMCM7_1, BoMCM8, BoMCM9,and BoMCM10 were markedly upregulated in B. oleracea. Hence, our study identified the candidate MCM family genesthose possess abiotic stress-responsive behavior and DNAreplication stress tolerance. As the first genome-wide analysis ofMCM genes in B. oleracea and B. rapa, this work providesa foundation to develop stress responsive plants. Furtherfunctional and molecular studies on MCM genes will behelpful to enhance stress tolerance in plants.
Manoharan, Ranjith Kumar,Shanmugam, Ashokraj,Hwang, Indeok,Park, Jong-In,Nou, Ill-Sup,Scoles, G.J. Canadian Science Publishing 2016 Genome Vol.59 No.6
<P> Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) is an important vegetable crop in Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. Cabbage production is severely affected by clubroot disease caused by the soil-borne plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. During clubroot development, methyl salicylate (MeSA) is biosynthesized from salicylic acid (SA) by methyltransferase. In addition, methyl salicylate esterase (MES) plays a major role in the conversion of MeSA back into free SA. The interrelationship between MES and methytransferases during clubroot development has not been fully explored. To begin to examine these relationships, we investigated the expression of MES genes in disease-susceptible and disease-resistant plants during clubroot development. We identified three MES-encoding genes potentially involved in the defense against pathogen attack. We found that SS1 was upregulated in both the leaves and roots of B. oleracea during P. brassicae infection. These results support the conclusion that SA biosynthesis is suppressed during pathogen infection in resistant plants. We also characterized the expression of a B. oleracea BSMT gene, which appears to be involved in glycosylation rather than MeSA biosynthesis. Our results provide insight into the functions and interactions of genes for MES and methyltransferase during infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that MES genes are important candidates for use to control clubroot diseases. </P>
Hossain, Mohammad Rashed,Kim, Hoy-Taek,Shanmugam, Ashokraj,Nath, Ujjal Kumar,Goswami, Gayatri,Song, Jae-Young,Park, Jong-In,Nou, Ill-Sup MDPI 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.19 No.3
<P>Anthocyanins are the resultant end-point metabolites of phenylapropanoid/flavonoid (F/P) pathway which is regulated at transcriptional level via a series of structural genes. Identifying the key genes and their potential interactions can provide us with the clue for novel points of intervention for improvement of the trait in strawberry. We profiled the expressions of putative regulatory and biosynthetic genes of cultivated strawberry in three developmental and characteristically colored stages of fruits of contrastingly anthocyanin rich cultivars: Tokun, Maehyang and Soelhyang. Besides <I>FaMYB10,</I> a well-characterized positive regulator, <I>FaMYB5</I>, <I>FabHLH3</I> and <I>FabHLH3-delta</I> might also act as potential positive regulators, while <I>FaMYB11</I>, <I>FaMYB9</I>, <I>FabHLH33</I> and <I>FaWD44-1</I> as potential negative regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis in these high-anthocyanin cultivars. Among the early BGs, <I>Fa4CL7</I>, <I>FaF3H</I>, <I>FaCHI1</I>, <I>FaCHI3</I>, and <I>FaCHS,</I> and among the late BGs, <I>FaDFR4-3</I>, <I>FaLDOX</I>, and <I>FaUFGT2</I> showed significantly higher expression in ripe fruits of high anthocyanin cultivars Maehyang and Soelhyang. Multivariate analysis revealed the association of these genes with total anthocyanins. Increasingly higher expressions of the key genes along the pathway indicates the progressive intensification of pathway flux leading to final higher accumulation of anthocyanins. Identification of these key genetic determinants of anthocyanin regulation and biosynthesis in Korean cultivars will be helpful in designing crop improvement programs.</P>
Vijayakumar, Harshavardhanan,Thamilarasan, Senthil Kumar,Shanmugam, Ashokraj,Natarajan, Sathishkumar,Jung, Hee-Jeong,Park, Jong-In,Kim, HyeRan,Chung, Mi-Young,Nou, Ill-Sup MDPI 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.17 No.8
<P>Plants, as sessile organisms, can suffer serious growth and developmental consequences under cold stress conditions. Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are ubiquitous and multifunctional conjugating proteins, which play a major role in stress responses by preventing oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently, understanding of their function(s) during different biochemical and signaling pathways under cold stress condition remain unclear. In this study, using combined computational strategy, we identified 65 <I>Brassica oleracea</I> glutathione transferases (<I>BoGST</I>) and characterized them based on evolutionary analysis into 11 classes. Inter-species and intra-species duplication was evident between <I>BoGST</I>s and <I>Arabidopsis</I> GSTs. Based on localization analyses, we propose possible pathways in which <I>GST</I> genes are involved during cold stress. Further, expression analysis of the predicted putative functions for <I>GST</I> genes were investigated in two cold contrasting genotypes (cold tolerance and susceptible) under cold condition, most of these genes were highly expressed at 6 h and 1 h in the cold tolerant (CT) and cold susceptible (CS) lines, respectively. Overall, <I>BoGSTU19</I>, <I>BoGSTU24</I>, <I>BoGSTF10</I> are candidate genes highly expressed in <I>B. oleracea</I>. Further investigation of GST superfamily in <I>B. oleracea</I> will aid in understanding complex mechanism underlying cold tolerance in plants.</P>