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Regional Adjustment of Emission Strengths Via Four Dimensional Data Assimilation
박선경,Armistead G. Russell 한국기상학회 2013 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.49 No.3
The Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation was performed to evaluate source emission strengths over the United States. The USEPA Models-3 system (CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE) and ridge regression are used as the forward and inverse models, respectively. The continental US is divided into six regions, and data assimilation is performed for each region in July 2001 and January 2002. In addition, two separate scaling factors are calculated for weekdays and weekends. Results show that base emissions for CO and SO2sources are relatively accurate. Base emissions for PEC source are overestimated 100%, but those for POA source are underestimated up to 70% when compared with the adjusted emissions. Emissions for NH3, NOx, and PMFINE sources are relatively accurate in July 2001, but those in January 2002 are around 100% higher than the adjusted emissions. Base VOC emissions in July 2001 are similar to the adjusted emissions but those in January 2002 are underestimated up to 70% when compared with the adjusted emissions. Though the emission adjustment itself improves the overall air quality model performance, a better improvement is expected with the modification of speciation profiles and temporal allocations in the Models-3system, as well.
Development of North American Emission Inventories for Air Quality Modeling under Climate Change
Woo, Jung-Hun,He, Shan,Tagaris, Efthimios,Liao, Kuo-Jen,Manomaiphiboon, Kasemsan,Amar, Praveen,Russell, Armistead G. Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2008 Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Vol.58 No.11
Battle, Katrina N.,Jackson, Joshua M.,Witek, Małgorzata A.,Hupert, Mateusz L.,Hunsucker, Sally A.,Armistead, Paul M.,Soper, Steven A. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 The Analyst Vol.139 No.6
<P>We present a novel microfluidic solid-phase extraction (μSPE) device for the affinity enrichment of biotinylated membrane proteins from whole cell lysates. The device offers features that address challenges currently associated with the extraction and purification of membrane proteins from whole cell lysates, including the ability to release the enriched membrane protein fraction from the extraction surface so that they are available for downstream processing. The extraction bed was fabricated in PMMA using hot embossing and was comprised of 3600 micropillars. Activation of the PMMA micropillars by UV/O<SUB>3</SUB> treatment permitted generation of surface-confined carboxylic acid groups and the covalent attachment of NeutrAvidin onto the μSPE device surfaces, which was used to affinity select biotinylated MCF-7 membrane proteins directly from whole cell lysates. The inclusion of a disulfide linker within the biotin moiety permitted release of the isolated membrane proteins <I>via</I> DTT incubation. Very low levels (∼20 fmol) of membrane proteins could be isolated and recovered with ∼89% efficiency with a bed capacity of 1.7 pmol. Western blotting indicated no traces of cytosolic proteins in the membrane protein fraction as compared to significant contamination using a commercial detergent-based method. We highlight future avenues for enhanced extraction efficiency and increased dynamic range of the μSPE device using computational simulations of different micropillar geometries to guide future device designs.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>We present a novel microfluidic solid-phase extraction (μSPE) device for the affinity enrichment of biotinylated membrane proteins from whole cell lysates. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c3an02400h'> </P>
Characterization of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta
Li, Zheng,Sjodin, Andreas,Porter, Erin N.,Patterson Jr., Donald G.,Needham Jr., Larry L.,Lee Jr., Sangil,Russell Jr., Armistead G.,Mulholland Jr., James A. Elsevier 2009 Atmospheric environment Vol.43 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Twenty-four hour PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples from a rural site, an urban site, and a suburban site (next to a major highway) in the metropolitan Atlanta area in December 2003 and June 2004 were analyzed for 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Extraction of the air samples was conducted using an accelerated solvent extraction method followed by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination. Distinct seasonal variations were observed in total PAH concentration (i.e. significantly higher concentrations in December than in June). Mean concentrations for total particulate PAHs in December were 3.16, 4.13, and 3.40ngm<SUP>−3</SUP> for the urban, suburban and rural sites, respectively, compared with 0.60, 0.74, and 0.24ngm<SUP>−3</SUP> in June. Overall, the suburban site, which is impacted by a nearby major highway, had higher PAH concentration than did the urban site. Total PAH concentrations were found to be well correlated with PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) in both months (<I>r</I><SUP>2</SUP>=0.36–0.78, <I>p</I><0.05), although the slopes from the two months were different. PAHs represented on average 0.006% of total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass and 0.017% of OC in June, compared with 0.033% of total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> and 0.14% of OC in December. Total PAH concentrations were also correlated with potassium ion (<I>r</I><SUP>2</SUP>=0.39, <I>p</I>=0.014) in December, but not in June, suggesting that in winter biomass burning can potentially be an important source for particulate PAH. Retene was found at a higher median air concentration at the rural site than at the urban and suburban sites—unlike the rest of the PAHs, which were found at lower levels at the rural site. Retene also had a larger seasonal difference and had the weakest correlation with the rest of the PAHs measured, suggesting that retene, in particular, might be associated with biomass burning.</P>