고혈압 환자의 스트레스 경감을 위한 보건교육에 기반한 원예활동 프로그램

정수선(Susun Jung),박신애(Sinae Park),손기철(Kicheol Son) 인간식물환경학회 2015 인간식물환경학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.춘계

Expression of surface markers on the human monocytic leukaemia cell line, THP-1, as indicators for the sensitizing potential of chemicals

An, Susun,Kim, Seoyoung,Huh, Yong,Lee, Tae Ryong,Kim, Han-Kon,Park, Kui-Lea,Eun, Hee Chul Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Contact dermatitis Vol.60 No.4

<P>Background</P><P>Evaluation of skin sensitization potential is an important part of the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and topical drugs. Recently, evaluation of changes in surface marker expression induced in dendritic cells (DC) or DC surrogate cell lines following exposure to chemicals represents one approach for <I>in vitro</I> test methods.</P><P>Objective</P><P>The study aimed to test the change of expression patterns of surface markers on THP-1 cells by chemicals as a predictive <I>in vitro</I> method for contact sensitization.</P><P>Methods</P><P>We investigated the expression of CD54, CD86, CD83, CD80, and CD40 after a 1-day exposure to sensitizers (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene; benzocaine; 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; hexyl cinnamic aldehyde; eugenol; nickel sulfate hexahydrate; potassium dichromate; cobalt sulfate; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; and ammonium tetrachloroplatinate) and non-sensitizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, benzalkonium chloride, lactic acid, salicylic acid, isopropanol, and dimethyl sulphoxide). The test concentrations were 0.1×, 0.5×, and 1× of the 50% inhibitory concentration, and the relative fluorescence intensity was used as an expression indicator.</P><P>Result and Conclusion</P><P>By evaluating the expression patterns of CD54, CD86, and CD40, we could classify the chemicals as sensitizers or non-sensitizers, but CD80 and CD83 showed non-specific patterns of expression. These data suggest that the THP-1 cells are good model for screening contact sensitizers and CD40 could be a useful marker complementary to CD54 and CD86.</P>

방부제에 의해 유발되는 자극감에 대한 화장품에서의 영향 요인 연구

이은영 ( Eunyoimg Lee ),최동원 ( Dongwon Choi ),안수선 ( Susun An ),문성준 ( Seongjoon Moon ),장이섭 ( Ihseop Chang ),은희철 ( Hee Chul Eun ) 대한화장품학회 2006 대한화장품학회지 Vol.32 No.1

화장품에서 홍반과 같은 피부 자극뿐만 아니라, 육안적으로 관찰되지는 않으나 소비자에게 불쾌감을 주는 따가움, 화끈거림, 가려움 등의 자극감을 평가하는 것도 중요하다. 스스로 민감성이라고 생각하는 사람들이 증가하는 추세에 자극감에 대한 연구는 더욱 중요해 지리라 여겨진다. 현재까지 자극감을 유발한다고 알려져 있는 알러지 있는 유발 화장품 원료는 lactic acid, glycolic acid, ethanol, 방부제류, 향료류, menthol 등이 있으며 pH가 증가할수록, 폐쇄 조건 등으로 흡수가 증가할수록 자극감이 증가한다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 화장품에서 많이 사용하고 있는 방부제 4종(methylparaben, propylparaben, phenoxye thanol, chlorophenecin)의 자극감에 영향을 주는 요인들을 찾아보고자 하였다. 연구 결과 팩 제형과 같은 흡수가 증가되는 제형에서와 그렇지 않은 제형에서의 방부제에 따른 자극감 결과에 차이를 보였다. 또한 서로 다른 방부제가 혼합된 경우에 상승 효과에 의하여 자극감이 높아지는 결과를 보인 경우도 있다. 무엇보다 phenoxyethanol과 chlorophenecin은 매우 미약한 자극감을 유발하였으나 혼합 사용한 경우에는 자극감이 상승되는 결과를 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과로 보아 방부제에 의한 자극감은 제형에 의한 흡수 정도나 혼합되는 원료의 특성에 따라 자극감의 정도가 차이가 있는 것으로 보인다. 새로운 화장품의 원료의 선택시 이러한 영향을 함께 고려하여야 할 것으로 여겨진다. Sensory irritation is one of the important side effects of cosmetics and it is required to develop new products that are more tolerable to the consumers. There are lots of cosmetic ingredients known to induce sensory irritation such as lactic acid, glycolic acid, ethanol, preservatives, fragrances and menthol etc. It is also known that sensory irritation increases by change of pH as well as additional occlusive conditions. The aim of this study is to know various factors affecting sensory irritation due to preservatives (methylparaben, propylparaben, phenoxyethanol and chlorophenecin). We also wanted to investigate the effect of preservatives to sensory irritation according to change of formulations. Our results showed that sensory irritation increased with the conditions of increasing absorption such as packs. We have also found that sensory irritation increased synergistically when to apply two different preservatives together. For example, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin themselves have weak sensory irritation potentials, but we observed phenoxyethanol combined with chlorpenesin synergistically increase of sensory irritation potentials. In conclusion, formulation and combination of different preservatives should be considered to reduce the unwanted sensory irritation of preservatives.

Selection of proficiency test chemicals during the Spectro-DPRA validation study, a modified in chemico skin sensitization test method

Ji-Young Bae,Hye-Jeong Sin,Yu-Jin Hong,Sun-A Cho,Susun An,Bae-Hwan Kim 한국실험동물학회 2022 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.1

향료에 대한 ITS(Integrated Test Strategy) 접근을 통한 광독성 평가

박세라 ( Sae-ra Park ),조선아 ( Sun-a Cho ),김영소 ( Youngso Kim ),안수선 ( Susun An ) 한국동물실험대체법학회 2018 동물실험대체법학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Although fragrance-free cosmetics are increasing in recent years, fragrance is still an important element of cosmetics. The phototoxicity of fragrance used in cosmetics is tested to confirm the safety before used. Because fragrances are mixtures of various aromatic compounds and exact composition of them are not disclosed by the fragrance company, it is difficult to analyze and/or presume the cause of phototoxicity. Therefore, it is important to use the test method having good applicability to various mixture and high reliability of results. In this study, we tried to establish an appropriate ITS approach to improve the reliability of the cosmetic fragrance toxicity test. Three animal alternatives, 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay (OECD TG 432), Reactive oxygen species assay, Molar absorption (extinction) coefficient (MEC) measurement test were performed and coincidence rates among tests were compared. As a result, the application of the ITS approach wasn’t suitable for fragrances due to the lack of harmonization of the three test methods and different positive rates. 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay presumed to be most suitable for the evaluation of the phototoxicity of fragrance in terms of safety. Reactive oxygen species assay and MEC measurement test were thought to be available to reconfirm the results of 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay.

화장품 성분들의 세균에 대한 항균 시너지 효과 연구

김소희 ( So-hee Kim ),윤유나 ( Yuna Yun ),안수선 ( Susun An ) 대한화장품학회 2018 대한화장품학회지 Vol.44 No.1

본 연구에서는 화장품에 널리 쓰이는 컨디셔닝제이면서 항균력을 가지는 성분들인 1,2-hexanediol, ethylhexylglycerin, glyceryl caprylate를 대상으로, 이들이 화장품 제형 내에서 다양한 제형 원료와 혼합될 때 그람 양성, 음성 세균에 대한 항균력이 어떻게 변화하는지 확인하고자 하였다. 검토할 제형 원료로는 제형 내에서 항균력을 향상시킬 것으로 예상되는 물질 7종(1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, glycerin, dipropylene glycol, niacinamide, EDTA-2Na, ethanol)을 선정하였으며, checkerboard assay를 이용하여 해당 물질들과 항균력을 지닌 3종 물질에 대한 항균 시너지 효과를 확인하였다. 시험 결과, 세균에 대해 눈에 띄는 항균 시너지 효과를 보인 물질은 ethanol과 EDTA-2Na였으며 특히 ethanol은 항균력을 지닌 컨디셔닝제 3종 모두와 세균에 대해 항균 시너지 효과를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. Glyceryl caprylate는 시험한 물질 7종 모두와 그람 양성균인 S. aureus에 대해 항균 부가 및 상승 효과를 나타내었으며, 4종의 폴리올이 첨가된 제형에는 1,2-hexanediol, glyceryl caprylate 조합으로 방부처방을 하는 것이 그람 양성, 음성 세균을 모두 제어하기에 용이하다고 판단되었다. 본 연구는 화장품에서 자주 이용되는 항균력을 지닌 컨디셔닝제와 주요 제형 원료의 항균 시너지 효과를 확인함으로써 항균력을 지닌 컨디셔닝제의 제형 내 항균력을 예측하는 데 기여했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. In this study, 1,2-hexanediol, ethylhexylglycerin, and glyceryl caprylate known as skin conditioning agents with antimicrobial activity in cosmetics were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria when combining them with various ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Seven kinds of substances expected to improve the antibacterial activity in formulations were selected to blend with these three compounds.; 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, glycerin, dipropylene glycol, niacinamide, EDTA-2Na, and ethanol. The checkerboard assay was conducted to confirm the antibacterial synergy of these seven substances and the three skin conditioning agents. Consequently, ethanol and EDTA-2Na were detected as the significant materials with synergistic effect as well as ethanol showed antibacterial synergy with all the three compounds. When seven of selected materials were mixed with glyceryl caprylate, there were synergistic or additive activity against S. aureus, gram-positive bacteria and it was suggested that the combination with 1,2-hexanediol and glyceryl caprylate was useful to control both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria when there were four kinds of polyols. This study is meaningful in that it confirmed the antibacterial synergy of the skin conditioning agents with antimicrobial activity and the main raw materials frequently used in cosmetics, thereby contributing to prediction of the antibacterial activity of the skin conditioning agents in cosmetic formulations.

Transferability, and within/between-laboratory validation studies of improved in chemico alternative assay, spectro-DPRA, for skin sensitization test

Yu-Jin Hong,Hye-Jeong Sin,Sun-A Cho,Susun An,Bae-Hwan Kim 한국실험동물학회 2022 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.7

Study on Consumer Exposure to Sun Spray and Sun Cream in South Korea

Oh, Mihyun,Kim, Seoyoung,Han, Jieun,Park, Sodam,Kim, Go Un,An, Susun Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.4

When conducting risk assessments of cosmetic ingredients, it is important that reliable exposure information is obtained for cosmetic products. As cosmetics are becoming more diverse, continuous effort must be made to obtain exposure data that reflect their growth and usage trends. The usage pattern of cosmetics, such as the application area and amount used, may differ by product type and also by country. We conducted a survey to compare the amount of sun spray and sun cream used in a usage environment in South Korea. The study was conducted on Haeundae Beach, one of the most popular beaches in South Korea. A total of 1,255 beachgoers participated in this study; 604 and 651 participants used the sun spray and sun cream, respectively, while sunbathing and enjoying water activities on the beach for one day. Exposure was analyzed following a probabilistic method. On comparing all subjects, it was found that the group that used sun spray (mean: 44.52 g/day) used significantly more product (p = 0.000) than those who used sun cream (mean: 20.51 g/day). By analyzing the daily exposure of sun spray and sun cream per unit body weight according to age and gender, the exposure amount of sun spray and sun cream was found to be highest among 2~9 year-old girls (mean for sun spray: 2.51 g/kg/day, p95: 5.50 g/kg/day, mean for sun cream: 0.79 g/kg/day, p95: 1.79 g/kg/day). The amount of sun spray used is approximately twice that of sun cream. Among both the sun spray and sun cream groups, the exposure amount per unit body weight was highest in girls younger than 10. These factors should be considered when conducting risk assessments of sun spray and sun cream.

Inferences in microbial structural signatures of acne microbiome and mycobiome

Kim Jubin,Park Taehun,Kim Hye-Jin,An Susun,설우준 한국미생물학회 2021 The journal of microbiology Vol.59 No.4

Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is the most common skin disorder and a multifactorial disease of the sebaceous gland. Although the pathophysiology of acne is still unclear, bacterial and fungal factors are known to be involved in. This study aimed to investigate whether the microbiomes and mycobiomes of acne patients are distinct from those of healthy subjects and to identify the structural signatures of microbiomes related to acne vulgaris. A total of 33 Korean female subjects were recruited (Acne group, n = 17; Healthy group, n = 16), and microbiome samples were collected swabbing the forehead and right cheek. To characterize the fungal and bacterial communities, 16S rRNA V4–V5 and ITS1 region, respectively, were sequenced and analysed using Qiime2. There were no significant differences in alpha and beta diversities of microbiomes between the Acne and Healthy groups. In comparison with the ratio of Cutibacterium to Staphylococcus, the acne patients had higher abundance of Staphylococcus compared to Cutibacterium than the healthy individuals. In network analysis with the dominant microorganism amplicon sequence variants (ASV) (Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, Malassezia globosa, and Malassezia restricta) Cutibacterium acnes was identified to have hostile interactions with Staphylococcus and Malassezia globosa. Accordingly, this results suggest an insight into the differences in the skin microbiome and mycobiome between acne patients and healthy controls and provide possible microorganism candidates that modulate the microbiomes associated to acne vulgaris.

Prediction rate evaluation of spectro-DPRA as a modified in chemico skin sensitization test method

Jung-Ah Seo,Min Young Jeon,Hyeon Lee Lee,Sun-A Cho,Susun An,Bae-Hwan Kim 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

Some chemicals can bind to skin proteins and induce sensitization. Direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) listed in the OECD guideline is an alternative method to evaluate the skin sensitization, by assessing a substance"s reaction to peptides. Newly modified spectrophotometric method for skin sensitization evaluation (spectro-DPRA) in Korea can improve some defect of DPRA. Pre-validation studies for spectro-DPRA were conducted at three institutions (AP, KTR, and KCL) to exam the transferability and proficiency, within and between laboratory reproducibility, and predictive ability based on GLP principle. All organizations confirmed more than 90% of agreements for the proficiency evaluation using ten chemical substances. Within the laboratory reproducibility evaluation, the agreement rate between the three tests performed by each institution was confirmed as 90% for AP, 100% for KTR, and 100% for KCL, and 90% agreement was approved when comparing with LLNA data. In evaluating reproducibility between the three laboratories, the agreement was 86.7%, showing a high value, and the degree of agreement with the LLNA data result was confirmed as 86.7% for AP, 100% for KTR, and 86.7% for KCL. Additional 54 substances were used to verify the prediction rate. As a result, 29 out of 33 sensitizers were identified as sensitizers, and 19 out of 21 non-sensitizers were identified as non-sensitizers, confirming a sensitivity of 87.8%, a specificity of 90.4%, and an accuracy of 88.8%. According to the results, the spectro-DPRA skin sensitization test presented adequate predictive capacity compared with the existing DPRA or ADRA while representing a method to save time and cost. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by a grant (19182MFDS495 and 21182MFDS399) from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.