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한국(韓國)에 있어서의 조상숭배(祖上崇拜)의 분할(分割)에 대하여
죽전단 ( Akira Takeda ),강용권(역) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 1985 石堂論叢 Vol.10 No.-
As for ancestor cults, there is an ideal type which specifies that memorial services held on the anniversary of the death of an ancestor(忌祭), and ancestor memorial rites(茶禮), covering four generations, and memorial services performed in each season of the year(時祭) covering the ancestors five generations removed and upward, all these should be performed all over the country. They are male-lined and head-family-oriented and masculine. However, in fact, the custom does not always corresponds to the ideal type. The custom of division of roles in ancestor cults(分割祭祀習俗) is one of the examples which do not agree with the head-family-oriented ideal. The division of roles in ancestor cults is the custom of dividing the memorial services for the ancestors (that is, at least more than one ancestor) among the collateral relations, who perform the memorial services for the ancestors thus assigned. This custom is seen to prevail in Kang-won-eo, Kyongsung-do, Cholla-do and Cheju-do. The writer has conducted a field-study at K village, N-dong, Cheju City, and at S village, P-ri Imjun-myon, Chindo-gu, Chindo-gun, Chollanamdo. To look into the groups of memorial services for the ancestors such as Mr. H`s Ha, Hb, and Hc group and Mr. K`s Ka, Kb, and Kc, all the groups perform memorial services for the ancestors thus divided and assigned. Namely, in principle, memorial services held on the anniversaries of the death of wife and husband are divided, with services for a father held by the head-family or the eldest son, and services for a mother by collateral relations or the second son. Not only services held on the anniversary of the death of a father or mother, but also ancestor memorial rites are divided. It is the inheritance of evenly divided property as an economic basis that has made possible the division of roles in ancestor cults. However, in S village, Chindo, Chollanam-do, the division of services held for the anniversary of the death of ancestors is to be seen, but there is no division of ancestor memorial rite(茶禮分割祭祀). Several studies or reports have been made on the custom of the division of roles in ancestor cults, but no definite theory has been set forth. What the writer would like to say is that such a custom prevails widely in Japan. Therefore, the writer would like to have comparative folklore research made into this area in the future.
Pathophysiologic Consideration of Mid Gestational IUGR
Yoshihiko, Takeda,Mitutoshi, Iwashita,Yosiki, Kudo,Akira, Mori 中央醫學社 1997 中央醫學 Vol.62 No.6
Two major factors of genetic disorders and nutritional supply were considered to be pathogenesis of IUGR. The latter were further divided into maternal environmental disorders and placental dysfunction. Of these factors, disorders of placental transfer has been considered to be main role of the etiology of IUGR. It has been clarified that placental transfer were regulated mainly by regional utero-placental circulation and villous function. IGF-1 was found to be closely correlated to transfer kinetics of the villous tissue. Among 6 binding protein reported, BP-1 to BP-4 were identified in maternal plasma. Maternal BP-1 showed negative co relation to fetal birth weight, while BP-3 which is major component of serum BP did not show any correlation to fetal weight. In addition, IGF binding protein interacts IGF-1 binding to the receptor at the cell surface by its phospholysation. Furthermore IGFBP-1 increase in IUGR fetus. We have confirmed in experimental study that neutralization of IGF-1 produced IUGR fetus. IGF-1 also acts fetal maturation confirmed by biosynthesis of surfactant in alveolar cell and air space. Homodynamic disorder are characterized by reduction in systemic circulation including placenta and concomitant increase of brain circulation. Pressure waveform together with velocimetry could evaluate fetal compensatory status in hypoxia. Present lecture will be concentrated of IGF activities and homodynamic changes on the pathophysiology of IUGR.
Pejnovic, N.,Vratimos, A.,Lee, S.H.,Popadic, D.,Takeda, K.,Akira, S.,Chan, W.L. Pergamon Press 2009 Molecular immunology Vol.47 No.1
Recent reports show T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases formerly categorized as Th1-mediated disorders. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) induces Th1 cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) which is proatherogenic, while cholesterol causes atherosclerosis and stimulates intact rat aortae to produce prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB> (PGE<SUB>2</SUB>), a strong regulator of IL-23 that expands Th17. We wanted to test whether Th17 is proatherogenic and whether cholesterol can induce the alternative Th17 pathway in IL-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP>) mice that have reduced Th1 cells, if they are fed high-cholesterol diet. IL-18<SUP>+/+</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> and IL-18<SUP>-/-</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> mice aged 5 weeks were fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and control littermates of IL-18<SUP>-/-</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> low-cholesterol diet (LCD) for 12 weeks. At termination, cryosectioned aortic arches were stained for lesion measurement and immunohistochemistry. We found that serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in IL-18<SUP>-/-</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> mice on HCD and they also had significantly increased atherosclerosis compared with 18<SUP>+/+</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> mice or IL-18<SUP>-/-</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> mice on LCD. Increased atherosclerosis correlates with enhanced Th17-cells, IL-23-producing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and macrophages, and thin fibrous cap in lesions, the morphology indicative of unstable plaques prone to rupture. In vitro, cholesterol significantly enhances VSMCs explanted from IL-18<SUP>-/-</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> but not IL-18<SUP>+/+</SUP>ApoE<SUP>-/-</SUP> aorta to produce IL-23 and homocysteine mediates secretion. This study suggests that in IL-18 deficiency, cholesterol in HCD synergize mechanistically with homocysteine to accelerate atherosclerosis via the alternative IL-23/Th17 pathway, demonstrating a new role for Th17 in atherosclerosis.