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Status and Issues in Transboundary Movement of Waste in Malaysia
( Agamuthu P. ),( Mehran Bhatti ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-
Malaysia’s shift from being agricultural country towards industrialization has resulted in increase of hazardous waste generation. 417,000 tonnes of hazardous waste were generated in 1994 and it has increased by 548% in 2016 (2.7 million tonnes). Only 5.17% of hazardous waste is disposed of in secure landfill in Malaysia, whereas 34.72% of hazardous waste is either rendered inert and disposed of in sanitary landfill or recovered and/or recycled. There are a total of 18 facilities (including incineration) for treatment of hazardous waste in Malaysia. According to Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, waste generators can only store hazardous waste for 180 days or less before final disposal at a prescribed facility. Environmental Quality Act 1974 has a designated section that requires written approval of the Director General of Environmental Quality for any import, export and transit of scheduled waste/hazardous waste. However, according to Malaysian law, it is prohibited to export hazardous waste for final disposal in foreign countries unless the technology for such hazardous waste is not available in the country. Similarly, Malaysian law only allows import of hazardous waste if the waste is required as raw material for recycling or recovery but the facilities receiving this waste must be licenced by Department of Environment Malaysia. Malaysia exported 9300 tonnes of hazardous waste to foreign facilities in Germany, Japan, South Korea, Thailand etc. in 2016. The type of hazardous waste that was exported was waste organic solvent, aluminium dross, electronic waste among others. On the other hand, 9000 tonnes of hazardous waste (Calcium Hydroxide sludge and scrap hard disk) were imported to Malaysia in 2016 from India, Singapore and Virgin Islands, United States. When it comes to bilateral agreements, Malaysia has bilateral agreement with United States for transboundary movement of hazardous waste for recovery purposes. Cases of illegal transboundary movement were also reported in 2016 which will be presented in the presentation. In addition to hazardous waste, Malaysia has become one of the biggest importer of plastic waste. Since China’s ban in 2018 on plastic waste, developed countries such as United States, Japan, Britain, Belgium and others have been exporting plastic waste to Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Malaysia imported 754,000 tonnes of plastic waste in only first seven months of 2018. In consequence, several illegal plastic recycling facilities had been established. Since 2018, Malaysia has shut illegal plastic recycling facilities and is aiming to completely phase plastic waste import.
Ocean Plastics Management and Challenges
( Agamuthu P. ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-
Ocean plastics also known as marine plastic litter is a major global issue that requires urgent and holistic efforts to mitigate and manage. Ocean plastics is the major composition (>70%) of marine litter. The main source of marine plastic waste generation is anthropogenic activities, both on land and on sea. According to an estimate, 80% of ocean plastics comes from land-based activities while 20% is generated from sea-based activities. Ocean plastics is mainly generated due to mismanagement of plastic waste (and municipal solid waste) and because of inefficient waste management. Every year, approximately 4.8 to 12.7 million tonnes of plastic waste escapes to global oceans due to mismanagement. Therefore, mismanagement of plastic waste is the biggest challenge to overcome in management of ocean plastics. The abundance of ocean plastics depends on the environmental conditions such as wave current, wind, cyclones etc., that distribute the ocean plastics. Over 9 million tonnes of plastic debris was found in only five gyres of the world. The other challenge of ocean plastics management is the lack of solution for existing ocean plastics. Larger pieces of ocean plastics are manually removed from water surface and in some cases from seafloors. But the smaller pieces of ocean plastics i.e. microplastics poses the bigger challenge as size of microplastics is within the range of planktons and sediments. Therefore, manual removal is not practically feasible. Several initiatives have been taken for the management of plastic waste. They range from international/regional agreements to national regulations. Beach clean-up programmes and awareness campaigns have also been deployed to tackle ocean plastic issue. International environmental conventions such as MARPOL, UNCLOS and London Convention also provide the impetus to curb the generation of ocean plastics. International/regional agreements involve UNEP-MAP, OSPAR, HELCOM that promote mitigation and management of ocean plastics. On the other hand, countries like United States, Japan, South Korea, and European Union have national legislations on marine litter, hence they apply to ocean plastics as well. These legislations necessitate the reduction in generation of ocean plastics. Lastly, market-based incentives and/or complete bans on plastic commodities are also implemented by national governments to reduce the generation of plastic waste. However, circular economy is the most suggested solution of tackling ocean plastics, as majority of plastic commodities are produced for short-term use i.e. packaging. Therefore, by implementation of circular economy, plastic products and their designs may be modified to close the loop.
Lee, S.L.,Mukherjee, T.K.,Agamuthu, P.,Panandam, J.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.4
The red cell X-protein, NADH-diaphorase 1, malic enzyme and serum arylesterase phenotypes of 50 Thai Longtail and 53 Cameroon X Thai Longtail ($F_1$) crossbred sheep were determined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. None of the economic traits was influenced by DIA1, ME and EsA phenotypes. However, XP phenotypes showed a highly significant association with body weight, body height, heart girth and back girth, with mean values of XP+ve phenotype greater than XP-ve. The $XP^+$ allele was associated with greater body weight, body height, heart girth and back girth.
BIOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISM STUDIES IN BREEDS OF WOOL-SHEEP, HAIR-SHEEP AND THEIR HYBRIDS IN MALAYSIA
Lee, S.L.,Mukherjee, T.K.,Agamuthu, P.,Panandam, J.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.4
A biochemical genetic study on blood enzyme/protein systems in some breeds/crosses of sheep in Malaysia was carried out using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Blood samples were collected from 435 sheep, representing 8 breeds/crosses. These included 5 wool sheep breeds (Thai Longtail, wiltshire, Suffolk, Dorsimal and cMBLx), 1 hair sheep breed (Barbados Blackbelly) and 2 hybrids between wool sheep and hair sheep (Cameroon ${\times}$ Thai Longtail and Bali Bali ${\times}$ Malin). Twenty loci systems were examined. Of these, ten ($HB{\beta}$, ALB, TF, XP, CAT, DIA1, EsA, GPI, ME and NP) exhibited genetic variation whereas the other ten (AAT, CA, DIA2, ${\alpha}GLO$, ${\alpha}GLU$, LDH, MDH, PEP[leu-gly-gly], 6PGD and SOD) were monomorphic. The allelic frequencies which were obtained in 10 polymorphic markers are assessed and compared with the results obtained by previous workers. The estimations of inbreeding coefficient, intrabreed variation and breed relationships have been critically discussed and are used to reveal some important recommendations.