우니아트 교회성립의 역사적 의의

황영삼(Hwang Young Sarm) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2005 슬라브학보 Vol.20 No.1

The Uniate Church was established in the Brest Sobor in 1596. This church recognized the Pope as the supreme power of the church in place of the Patriarch, and accepted the 'filioque' in the religious dogma. This point was the different thing as compared with the previous system of the then Russian Church. But the Uniate Church kept still the tradition and custom in the old style, in the Orthodox style. So I can regard the Uniate Church as the complex, mixed type of the western and eastern church in the christian world. The background of the Uniate Church establishment has a long history: the Florence Council in 1439, the Moscow Metropolitanate in 1448, and the Kiev Metropolitanate. it is a very important factor to make Church Union that the Reformation occurred in the first half of 16th century and consequently followed the Counter-Reformation and finally formed the Moscow Patriarchate in 1589. Most of the Ruthenian bishops thought to accelerate the Union between the Roman-Catholic Church and the Kiev Metropolitanate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Peter Skarga played an important role in the formation of the Church Union. Many bishops supported the Union and participated in the process actively in many aspects. This meant the peculiarity of the Kiev Metropolitanate compared with the Moscow Metropolitanate. The pursuit of independence of the Church was the hope of orthodox believers under the control of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This hope was found in the idea of Constantin Ostrozhskii who opposed the Brest Union. in the event the formation of the Uniate Church had many problems and this was reflected in the following history. Why did the Kiev orthodox bishops pursue the Church Union? Firstly, the proliferation of the Reformation might lessen their power and influence over the orthodox believers in the country. Secondly, the Moscow Patriarchate might expand its power into their territory. All these external factors resulted in the reduction of the prestige and influence of the orthodox bishops in the near future. The Kiev bishops led the Church Union, not the Polish King or the Pope of the Catholic Church. The King and the Pope preferred the Ratinization to the Church Union. in the view of Moscow Patriarchate, the Uniate Church was betrayal to the Eastern Orthodox Church. But the internal situation of the Russia prevented her from engaging in the process. In the conclusion, the Uniate Church was not the genuine single church of the Roman-Catholic and the Orthodox in all respects. The Uniate Church was the politically united church of the two Churches. And it was the 'New Church' concerned with religious and political problems. in the result, the Uniate Church made an identity of the western Ukrainian people, and caused the conflict of the Russian Orthodox Church.

페레야슬라브 회의가 러시아-우크라이나에 끼친 영향과 역사적 평가

황영삼(Hwang Young Sarm) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2006 슬라브학보 Vol.21 No.4

The Pereyaslav Rada in 1654 was the historical arena for the kazaki led by Hetman Bohdan Khmel’nytsky to obtain the Russian support and cooperation in the course of getting independence from the Poland’s rule. But, In result, Russia succeeded in expanding her territory to the southern part, the current Ukraine with the rationale of the rule. I want to classify the historical significance of the event as two contradictory but relevant point of views: one traditional and the other liberal. From the former the Pereyaslav Rada was considered as the kazak’s voluntary council and treaty to get the Russian rule in Ukraine. So Russia had a good reason to be there on the basis of the orthodox religion and the common history of Kievan Rus. Russia and Ukraine regained the unification by the Rada since the Mongol and Poland’s rule existed. The kazak’s struggle against Poland has the legitimacy in view of national liberation, so it is natural for Russia to support kazaki. From the other point of view, the concept of ‘reunification’ is severely challenged by the emerging Ukrainian historians. They all have questioned the rationale of the Rada in the meaning of international law. And They emphasized the independent tendency of the kazaki. They regarded the Pereyaslava Rada as the simple and oral declaration of Bohdan Khmel’nytsky. So it was not important. The Pereyaslav Rada was the temporary tactics by the kazaki. The kazaki always pursued for independence under the situation of the struggle between Russia and Poland. In conclusion, Khmel’nytsky’s efforts to struggle against Poland can be evaluated as positive from the point of Ukrainian history. But his efforts and the Pereyaslav Rada have simultaneously the negative evaluation because it gave the legitimacy of invasion of Russia over the Ukrainian territory and its long tragic rule.

우즈베키스탄 고려인 경제공동체의 형성과 발전과정의 재조명

황영삼(Hwang, Young-Sarm) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2007 역사문화연구 Vol.26 No.-

본고의 목적은 현재 황폐화한 우즈베키스탄 콜호즈 체제의 실상을 보며 과거 우즈베키스탄 농업의 중추적 역할을 했던 고려인 콜호즈 경제공동체 활동을 <북극성> 콜호즈를 중심으로 재조명해 봄으로써 1937년 강제이주 이후 중앙아시아에서 형성된 고려인 콜호즈의 경제적 실상을 보다 명확하게 이해하고자 하는데 있다. 1920년대 말부터 소련전역에서 실시된 농업집단화 정책으로 고려인들은 콜호즈와 솝호즈를 중심으로 한 집단공동체적 조직 속에 편입되었고, 극동에서 조직된 <북극성> 콜호즈 또한 고려인 경제공동체 중의 하나였다. 그런데 스탈린의 강제이주 지시로 <북극성> 콜호즈는 우즈베키스탄 타쉬켄트주에서 재결성되지 않을 수 없었다. <북극성> 콜호즈 소속의 고려인들은 기타 다른 콜호즈의 고려인들과 함께 특유의 근면성으로 새로운 땅에서 성공적인 삶을 이루어 나갔다. 특히 <북극성> 콜호즈는 김병화 회장이 지도한 이후 경제적으로 급성장하고 마침내 우즈베키스탄과 나아가 소련전역에 걸쳐 가장 모범적인 콜호즈로 인식되었다. 이러한 <북극성> 콜호즈의 성공적인 업적의 배경에는 다음과 같은 네 가지 사실이 지적될 수 있다. 첫째 <북극성> 콜호즈는 초기에 벼재배에 주력하였으나 1940년대 중반 이후에는 벼대신 면화재배에 집중하면서 성공적인 수확을 기록하였는데 면화는 우즈베키스탄의 전통적인 주력작물이었다. 둘째 농업에 관한 제도와 지원정책이 최대한 잘 활용되었다. 과거 기계-트랙터 센터가 관리하던 대량의 농업기계들이 콜호즈로 이관되면서 생산성이 크게 높아졌던 것이다. 이러한 제도변화를 매우 유용하게 활용하였다. 셋째 콜호즈 회장인 김병화의 우수한 인격과 합리적인 콜호즈 경영을 지적하지 않을 수 없다. 이 결과 김병화 회장은 1974년에 사망할 때까지 콜호즈 회장으로 재직할 수 있었다. 넷째 <북극성> 콜호즈 내부에는 김병화 회장외에도 성실한 농민들이 많이 활동하고 있었다. 이는 한 콜호즈에서 26명이나 되는 사회주의 노력영웅을 배출했다는 점에서도 획기적이었다. The aim of this article is to make us understand the economic realities of Korean kolkhoz transformed in Central Asia after the deportation affair in 1937 by reviewing the economic achievements of the Kolkhoz “the Polar Star” that played a pivot role in Uzbek agriculture. The Soviet Koreans were forced to be incorporated in various collective farms in the form of kolkhozes and sophozes by the agricultural reforms of the Soviet Union from the end of 1920s. The Kolkhoz “the Polar Star”, one of the kolkhozes formed in the Far East, could not help being reorganized in the Tashkent region in Uzbekistan with Stalin's order of deportation. The Koreans of the “Polar Star” worked diligently in the new soils and finally succeeded in their life with most Koreans of other kolkhozes. Especially the “Polar Star” began to develop rapidly in economic aspects after Kim Byeonghwa was selected as the new leader, later it became to be the best kolkhoz in Uzbekistan and even in the whole Union. In a conclusion the victorious backgrounds of the “Polar Star” can be examined as follows: Firstly, the “Polar Star” started mainly in cultivating rice, but since the mid 1940s it concentrated in growing cottons successfully. Cotton is the traditionally main culture in Uzbekistan. Secondly, The agricultural and the support system was well utilized by the “Polar Star”. It was more helpful that much of the machine belonged to the Machine-Tractor Station(MTS) were given to the kolkhoz. As a result the productivity increased highly. Thirdly, it can be noted that the leader of the “Polar Star” Kim had a good character person and he managed the kolkhoz rationally. Owing to such a fact he could work as the leader to his death in 1974. Fourthly, there were many other honorable farmers in the “Polar Star” except Kim. It was peculiar that the Kolkhoz had 26 Socialist-Labor Heroes.

모스크바 러시아의 팽창과 정교회 수도원

황영삼(Hwang Young Sarm) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2017 슬라브학보 Vol.32 No.4

This study aims to analyze the process of the Orthodoxy monastery’ role as managing function for the state during the 16‐17 century. The Muscovy expanded its territory towards eastern areas over Ivan Ⅲ, Vasilly Ⅲ, Ivan Ⅳ periods, and simultaneously the monastery widened its size in quantity. This situation resulted from the fact that the Golden Horde was divided into some small countries, in addition that the Muscovy became stronger than before. From a political and economic point of view, Ivan IV decided to take the decision of the eastern march in order to take full control of the trading rights of Volga. It is interpreted as the basis of the securing of the Volga river route that the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556 were subsequently subjugated. But the conquer over the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate did not work perfectly in the entire institutional framework of the Muscovy. It was necessary to cooperate with the monastery as a partner to assist the deficient state institutions. In this process, the monastery took charge of the management of the new area while receiving economic privileges from Tsar. Typically, the Zilantov monastery near the Kazan Kremlin fortress had commercial interests such as the right to collect fishing and tolls, and it also had a function as a landlord to utilize the serfdoms. The authority of the monastery based on the edicts of the Tsar became an opportunity for the monastery to be deeply involved in the movement of goods such as honey, wax, fish and horses. The commercial network of the city and the country monasteries has obviously become a link between the central and the regional places. And the collection of the taxes required by the monastery on behalf of the government resulted in a further increase in the monastic economic benefits.

러시아·중앙아시아 고려인에 대한 재인식과 향후 대책

황영삼(Hwang Young-sarm) 한국외교협회 2023 계간 외교 Vol.- No.147

특집 : 소련 및 CIS의 고려인 ; 초기 고려인공동체 형성연구 -유럽러시아 및 중앙아시아 지역을 중심으로-

황영삼 ( Young Sarm Hwang ) 한국민족연구원 2010 민족연구 Vol.0 No.43

러시아 민간신앙 연구 - 기독교 수용과 연관성을 중심으로 -

황영삼 ( Young Sarm Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 러시아연구소 2002 슬라브연구 Vol.18 No.2

러시아 정교회의 민족주의적 특성: 페레스트로이카 시기를 중심으로

황영삼 ( Young Sarm Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 1998 국제지역연구 Vol.2 No.4

상트 페테르부르크 시민사회의 형성과 발전

황영삼 ( Young Sarm Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 러시아연구소 2004 슬라브연구 Vol.20 No.1

러시아·중앙아시아 고려인에 대한 재인식과 향후 대책

황영삼 ( Hwang Young-sarm ) 한국외교협회 2023 외교 Vol.147 No.0

현재 ‘고려인’ 사회는 큰 역동기를 맞이하고 있고, 국가마다 그 양상은 크게 다르다. 러시아어를 모국어로 하는 고려인의 정체성은 고려인과 러시아의 관계를 밀접하게 하고 있다. 소련에서 해체되어 15개 공화국으로 나뉘어 생활하고 있는 고려인은 러시아, 카자흐스탄, 우즈베키스탄, 키르기즈 등 4개 국가를 제외한다면 거의 소멸되고 있다. 언어민족주의의 대두로 인하여 중앙아시아의 고려인의 생활도 사실상 위축되었다. 이러한 변화 속에서 비교적 안정적인 위치에 있고 사회적 엘리트에 속하고 있는 현지 고려인들에 대해 관심을 기울일 필요가 있다. 여기에는 유력한 중앙정치인 및 재계 엘리트들이 포함되며 전문직에 종사하고 있는 알려지지 않은 사람들도 많이 포함되고 있다. 청년 세대 고려인들은 현지의 적응력을 높이고 향후에도 거주국의 일원으로 남을 의지가 강한 집단이다. 이러한 이유로 고려인 공동체는 현지 유라시아 지역의 국가에서 존속될 것이며 이들의 한국 이주는 매우 낮을 것으로 보인다. 고려인 공동체의 발전과 지속을 위해서 한국 정부 차원의 지원책이 강구해야 한다. 우선 고려인 엘리트들과의 인적 네트워크를 강화하여 현지 진출 시에 현지국가와 한국을 매개할 수 있도록 하는 일이 필요하다. 이것은 민족주의적 차원이 아니라 효율적인 관계 지속성을 위해 필요한 것이며 그 결과 자연스럽게 고려인의 한국에 대한 신뢰와 기대를 가지게 할 것이다. Ethnic Koreans in Russia and in Central Asia are faced with a great dynamic challenge attributable to their resident countries. They, namely Koryoin, regard the Russian language as their point of national identity, so they feel very close to the Russian Federation. They were Soviet Koreans living in one country during the USSR time, but were completely separated into 15 republic citizens after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Now the ethnic Korean communities are almost extinct except for four countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Under these current changes, it is necessary to pay attention on elite Koryoins who are in a relatively stable position. They are mainly politicians and business elites as well as many unknown professionals. And among the young generation of Koryoin there is a group with a strong will to improve local adaptability and remain members of the country of residence in the future. For the development and continuation of the Koryoin community, future-oriented supports by the government of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) must be devised. First of all, it is necessary to strengthen the human networks with the elite Koryoins so that they can mediate between their countries and South Korea. This is not a nationalistic dimension, but a realistic plan for efficient relations.