정상 성인에서 청성유발 피부전위

허승덕,정동근,서덕준,김광년,김기련,강명구,김리석,Heo, Seung-Deok,Jung, Dong-Keun,Suh, Duk-Joon,Kim, Gwang-Nyeon,Kim, Gi-Ryon,Kang, Myung-Koo,Kim, Lee-Suk 한국음성학회 2005 음성과학 Vol.12 No.2

Electrodermal activity(EDA) is a bio-electric signal which occurs at the skin surface during the sweating. EDA reflects the activity of the sympathetic axis of the autonomic nervous system. EDA is associated with the eccrine sweat gland at the palmar and plamar surface. This study was aimed to characterize the relationship between EDA and auditory stimulus intensities. Acoustic stimulus used in this study were 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz of narrow band noise, which were representative of speech frequencies in audible range. Stimulus intensity between 90 and 30 dB in 10 dB within dynamic range. After deriving the minimum stimulus intensity(threshold of skin potential) which elicited skin potential, and then the latency and amplitude were derived from waveform of skin potential, each latency and amplitude were compared to stimulus intensity. The waveform of skin potential were recorded stably, and the threshold of skin potential appeared nearly the hearing threshold level of the participant. The latency was decreased and the amplitude was increased according to the increase of the stimulus intensity. These results suggest that auditory evoked skin potential can be applicable to auditory assessment and audiological diagnosis tool.

인공와우 이식자에서 자극 잡파를 이용한 고장 평가

허승덕,김상렬,안중기,정동근,강명구,Heo, Seung-Deok,Kim, Sang-Ryeol,Ahn, Joong-Ki,Jung, Dong-Keun,Kang, Myung-Koo 한국음성학회 2007 음성과학 Vol.14 No.2

The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between current intensity and amplitude of stimulus artifact on the cochlear implantee, and to find out basic information to check the device failure. Subjects were a prelingual child and 3 postlingual adults with more than severe hearing losses. The charge-balanced biphasic pulses were presented at stimulus rates of 11 pulses per second, each pulse width of $25{\mu}s$ with monopolar mode(MP1+2). Current intensities were delivered at 27.5, 33.7, 41.3, 50.5, 61.9, $75.8{\mu}A$. Stimulus artifacts were recorded by evoked potential system. This procedure was performed just before the initial stimulation, and then, the amplitude of stimulus artifacts were compared with each current intensity. The amplitude of stimulus artifacts was increased significantly according to the current intensity (p<0.01). The results suggest that the change of the amplitude of stimulus artifact can be used as a good cue to check the device failure in the cochlear implantee.

편측 인공와우 이식자의 보청기 사용

허승덕,김리석,정동근,최아현,고도홍,김현기,Heo, Seung-Deok,Kim, Lee-Suk,Jung, Dong-Keun,Choi, Ah-Hyun,Ko, Do-Heung,Kim, Hyun-Gi 한국음성학회 2005 음성과학 Vol.12 No.4

The cochlear implantation(CI) as an useful tool for aural rehabilitation in bilateral severe to profound hearing impairment. However, CI prefer to usually one ear in spite of bilateral hearing impaired. because of the various characteristics of hearing loss, the hearing conservation for the future possibility, and socioeconomic condition of hearing impaired person and their families. The unilateral CI has limitations such as a directional loss, a difficult speech understanding in noise and a neural plasticity. These limitations will be overcome by hearing aid(HA) which is familiar with hearing impairer. but HA fitting for bimodal-binaural hearing are difficult because the difference output characteristic of HA and CI. This study will be confirm realities of use of HA in unilateral cochlear implantee. For this goal, 25(m:f=10:15) child participated who are used to HA for 1 to 17 months. We had telephone interviews with their mother about use of HA, change of auditory performance and own voice. As the results, hearing threshold levels of unimplanted ear, the use of a appropriate HA, implanted and aided hearing threshold level(HTL) are must be considered for successful biomodal-binaural hearing. Especially, implanted and aided HTL should be very useful parameter for a prediction of HA effect and a criterion of selection for bilateral cochlear implantation.

실이에서 여자 음성 /ㅏ/, /ㅣ/, /ㅜ/의 포먼트 주파수 변화

허승덕(Heo, Seungdeok),강희라(Kang, Huira) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.1

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

증폭장치 사용 난청 청년의 삶의 질

허승덕(Seung-Deok Heo) 한국언어청각임상학회 2018 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.23 No.3

배경 및 목적: 청력손실은 증폭장치로 보상할 수 있으며, 청력손실을 효과적으로 보상하면 난청자(person with hearing impaired, HI) 의 삶의 질(quality of life, QOL)도 개선할 수 있다. 이를 위해서는 증폭기를 사용하고 있는 난청자(HI)들의 QOL을 분석할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 난청 청년(HI_youth)의 QOL을 알아보는 데 있다. 방법: 참가자는 SNS 서비스를 통해 무작위로 선정된 20세부터 29세 사이의 성인으로 하였다. 이들은 청력손실이 없는 46명과 보청기나 인공와우를 사용하고 있는 19명의 두 군으로 구분하였다. 설문은 World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF)을 사용하였다. 응답은 신뢰도를 분석하였고(Cronbach’s α=.923), 두 군 사이 관계는 일원분산 분석하였다. 결과: 두 군 사이에는 신체적 범주에서 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(p < .05). 하위 항목에서 ‘청력손실이 일을 방해 한다’ (p =.000), ‘보청기가 필요하다’ (p =.000) (이상 신체적 범주), ‘삶이 충분히 의미 있다’ (p =.013) (이상 심리적 범주), ‘안전한 삶’ (p =.012), ‘정보 접근성’ (p =.010), ‘지역 의료서비스 만족도’ (p =.017) (이상 환경 조건) 등이 유의하였 다. 논의 및 결론: 난청 청년들은 증폭장치 사용, 안전한 삶, 정보 및 의료서비스 접근, 삶의 의미 부분에서 다소 만족스럽지 못한 평가를 내렸다. Objectives: It is possible to compensate for hearing loss with an amplification system. When the hearing loss is compensated for effectively, the quality of life (QOL) of a person with a hearing impairment can be improved. In the interest of this improvement, it is necessary to analyze the QOL of hearing impaired (HI) individuals who are using an amplifier. This study aims to examine the QOL of HI-youth. Methods: The participants were adult males and females, aged 20- to 29-year-old who were randomly selected through a social network service (SNS). They were classified into two groups: 19 participants who were using a hearing aid and/or cochlear implant, and 46 participants who had no hearing loss. The questionnaire that was used was the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF). Response reliability was analyzed with Cronbach’s α (= .923), response scores were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and a one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the relationship between two groups. Results: When the two groups were compared, there was a significant difference in the average response scores regarding physical health according to category of the participants (p < .05). Significant differences were also observed in the sub-domains, including ‘hearing loss disturbs mywork’ (p = .000), ‘the hearing aid is needed’ (p = .000) (physical domain), ‘life is sufficiently meaningful’ (p = .013) (psychological domain), ‘life security’ (p = .012), ‘information accessibility’ (p = .010), ‘satisfaction with local health care service’ (p = .017) (environment domain), etc. Conclusion: The responses of HI-youth indicated dissatisfaction in respect to using the amplifier, safety of life, accessibility to information and health care service, and the meaningfulness of life.

Influence of Real Ear Resonance on Male Voice Formant Frequency

허승덕(Seung Deok Heo),강희라(Hui Ra Kang),고도흥(Do Heung Ko) 한국언어청각임상학회 2017 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.22 No.3

배경 및 목적: 소리는 음장을 지나 외이도, 중이, 내이 등으로 상행한다. 외이도는 음향에너지 특성이 유지되는 곳으로 공명에 의해 말소리의 음향학적 특성이 달라질 것으로 예상된다. 이 연구는 실이에서 음성의 포먼트 주파수를 분석하여, 외이 공명이 음성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 모음은 사용 빈도가 높은 /ㅏ/, /ㅣ/, /ㅜ/, /ㅔ/, /ㅗ/를 사용하였다. 음성은 남자가 발성하여 여자 12명의 외이도 내부와 이개 상부에서 각각 녹음하였다. 이들 음성은 포먼트 주파수를 분석한(Praat ver. 6.0.19) 후 기술통계 하였고, 대응표본 t-test (SPSS ver. 22.0)와 Wilcoxon test로 검증하였다. 결과: 음장과 실이 음성 사이에서는 /ㅏ/의 F3, F4, /ㅣ/의 F2, F3, F4, /ㅜ/의 모든 포먼트 주파수, /ㅔ/의 F2, F4, /ㅗ/의 F1, F3, F4 등에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(p<.05). 논의 및 결론: 실이 음성의 포먼트 주파수는 공명, 음원으로부터 거리 등의 영향을 받아 주파수가 모아진다. 이러한 변화는 음색 및 개인 목소리의 특성을 해석하고 어음을 이해하는데 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것으로 기대된다. Objectives: Voice in the external auditory canal (EAC) is expected to change while being affected by the resonance of the concha cavity and the EAC. Acoustical analysis should include the frequency range of EAC resonance. This study aims to determine the influence of the resonance of the EAC by analyzing formant. Methods: Male voiced monophthongs were used in this study; the most frequently used vowels were /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/. Experimental voice in the real ear and sound field was recorded by 12 healthy young female subjects. Voice characteristics were analyzed by Praat (ver. 6.0.19). The formant frequency of the sample and experimental voice were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The relationship between the sample voice and experimental voice was analyzed by a paired t-test. Results: The voices between the sound field and real ear demonstrated significant differences at F3 and F4 of /a/, F2, F3, and F4 of /i/, all formant frequencies of /u/, F2 and F4 of /e/, and F1, F3, and F4 of /o/ (p<.05). Conclusion: Voice in the real ear is collected under the influence of resonances, distance from the sound source, and rounding. Understanding these changes is expected to improve the analysis of timbre and individual voices and speech understanding.

성인 인공와우 이식자의 MAP 검증

허승덕(Seung Deok Heo) 한국언어치료학회 2016 한국언어치료학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

Purpose: The aims of this study will be discussing MAP verification, by using implanted most comfortable loudness level (MCL), uncomfortable loudness level (UCL) in audiological evaluation and speech language pathological (SLP) evaluation. Participants and Methods: An implanted university student who has low performance participated. MAP was verified for listening and communicational performances by audiological and SLP evaluation. Results: Implanted hearing threshold level was observed within normal limits in all test frequencies. Suprathreshold listening capability was observed at lowered level in MCL of 250 ㎐ and UCL of 750, 1,000, 1,500㎐. This results support causes of many kinds of error that appeared in SLP evaluation. Conclusions: MAP verification needs to do a cross-check on suprathreshold evaluation, SLP evaluation and also chief complaint.

실이에서 고빈도 모음의 포먼트 주파수

허승덕(Seung Deok Heo),강희라(Hui Ra Kang),고도흥(Do Heung Ko) 한국언어치료학회 2016 한국언어치료학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

Purpose: The aim of the study is to check Formant Frequency F1, F2, F3, and F4 that belong to frequently used Korean vowel’s acoustic qualification on real ear. Methods: For sample voice, the vowel /ᅵ/, /ᅮ/, /ᅦ/, /ᅩ/, and /ᅡ/ are recorded as male voice. These vowels are frequently used and distinguishable vowels with no characteristic of diphthong. Experimental voice is recorded in upper pinna and external auditory canal of 12 women by playing the sample voice. The formant frequency of experimental voice is analyzed with Praat and compared by Paired t-test. Results: There was observed significant change at every Formant Frequency between two voices recorded at sound field and real ear, except F1 of /ᅡ/, F2, /ᅦ/ of F1, /ᅵ/ of F1, /ᅩ/ of F2. (p <.05). Conclusions: F1 and F2 did not relay on source-filter theory on external auditory canal, and it is assumed that the resonance in external auditory canal shifts F3 and F4 near center frequency and helps understanding speech sound.

순수 외이도 공명

허승덕(Seung Deok Heo) 한국언어치료학회 2012 言語治療硏究 Vol.21 No.3

External auditory canal (EAC) resonance occurs in the closed-end of a tube near the ear drum. However, the gain of EAC resonance cannot be measured because it occurs inside the human body. Real ear unaided responses (REURs) include both the acoustic reflection of the pinna, skull, torso and the resonance gain of the external ear. The concha cavity resonance (CC resonance) can be measured if EAC is obstructed. Therefore, EAC resonance can be calculated by subtracting the CC resonance from REURs. The aim of this study is to find the gain of the EAC resonance in normal Korean adults and provide the basic information for hearing aid fitting and further research in the field of audiological rehabilitation. Twenty-none normal adults (58-ears) participated in this study. The frequency range of EAC resonance was observed from 80㎐ to 4,000㎐ at 0° and from 600㎐ to 3,700㎐ at 45°. The maximum resonance frequency was recorded at 2,619(±288.7)㎐ at azimuth 0° and 2,613.8(±381.8)㎐ at azimuth 45°. The mean of maximum resonance gain was recorded at 13.2(±3.5)㏈ and 12.3(±3.4)㏈, respectively.

이개 크기에 따른 이개강 공명

허승덕(SeungDeok Heo),이제현(JeHyun Lee),전성민(SeongMin Jeon),김인아(InAh Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.1

배경 및 목적: 이개는 두개골에서 돌출되어 있고, 이개강은 이개가 깔때기 모양으로 형성한공간을 말한다. 이개와 이개강은 소리를 모으는 기능을 하며, 해부학적으로 외이도와 연결되어 있다. 이 기관들은 해부학적 생리학적으로 연속되어 있어서 청각학적으로는 따로 구분하지는 않는다. 청각학적 재활에 있어서 보청기는 아주 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그러나 보청기사용은 이개강과 외이도 공명의 일부를 상쇄하기도 하고, 보청기 종류에 따라 증폭기가 갖는이득보다 더 많은 이득을 제공하기도 한다. 보청기 사용으로 얻을 수 있는 추가 이득은 송화기위치 효과(microphone location effect; MLE)와 잔류 외이도 용적 등에 따라 달라진다. 이개와 이개강 공명은 MLE에 영향을 준다. 따라서 이개강 공명은 청각생리학적 측면에서 소리에대한 방향성 인지에 매우 중요한 단서를 제공하기 때문에 음원 방향 인지 연구에 중요하다.이 연구는 우리나라 성인의 이개강 공명 정상치를 구하고, 이개 크기가 이개강 공명에 영향을주는가를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 이 연구는 정상 성인 18명 36귀(남:여=5:13)를 대상으로 하였다. 입사각 0°와 45°에서 이들의 이개강 공명을 구한 후, 이개 크기와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 이개 크기는 상하 길이가 52.8부터 73.8 (61.7±5.5) ㎜이었으며, 너비가 16.35부터29.9 (22.4±3.3) ㎜이었다. 두 길이를 곱해 구한 면적은 458.62부터 1034.54 (706.21±165.58)㎟를 보였다. 최대 공명주파수는 음원 입사각 0˚와 45˚에서 모두 4 ㎑로 나타났으며, 최대공명이득은 0˚에서 12.2 (±2.9), 45˚에서 13.6 (±3.5) ㏈로 나타났으나 모든 주파수의 이개강공명이득은 이개 상하길이와 너비의 변화에도 불구하고 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지않았다. 논의 및 결론: 결론적으로 이개크기는 이개강공명에 영향을 미치지 않는다. Background & Objectives: The pinna is located on the side of the head and forms the visible part of the hearing system. The cavum concha, an air-filled cone-shaped cavity deep within the ear canal, is also part of the pinna. Both of these structures collect sound and are connected to the external auditory canal (EAC). The pinna, cavum concha and EAC are not separated in the audiology field because these organs are connected anatomically and physiologically. Hearing aids play an importantroll in audiological rehabilitation. However, the use of hearing aids may cancel out the resonances of the cavum concha and EAC or may result in a gain higher than that of the electroacoustic gain. These variables differ among the different types of hearing aids. The value of the gain depends on to the microphone location effect (MLE) and the volume of the residual ear canal. The pinna and cavum concha influence the MLE. Hence, cavum concha resonance may play an important role in auditory physiology because resonance provides an important clue for direction determination. The goals of this study are to measure normative data in Korean adults and todetermine whether the size of the pinna influences the concha resonance. Methods: Eighteen healthy-young-adults (36 ears, M:F=5:13) participated in the present study. The resonance of the concha cavity was evaluated at azimuth 0° and azimuth 45°, and the relationship between the size of the pinna and the resonance of the concha cavity were analyzed statistically. Results: The mean height of the pinna was 52.8 to 73.8 (61.7±5.5) mm, the mean width of the pinna was 16.35 to 29.9 (12.2±2.9) ㎜, and the mean area of the pinna was 458.62 to 1034.54 (706.21±165.58) ㎟. The maximum resonance frequency was 4 ㎑ in both directions. The maximum resonance gains were 12.2 (±2.9) ㏈ at azimuth 0° and 13.6 (±3.5) ㏈ at azimuth 45°. The mean lengthof the concha cavity was 61.7 (±5.5), and its mean width was 22.4 (±3.3) ㎜. The sizes of the pinna and concha cavity were significantly correlated (p=0.01). However, there was not statistical significance between the size of pinna and the resonance of the concha cavity. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that pinna size does not affect the resonance of the concha cavity.