이유자돈 및 육성비육돈사료에 있어서 L - lysine 의 첨가에 의한 단백질 절약효과

한인규,권관,나기현,유문일 ( In K . Han,K . Kwon,Ki H . Ra,Moon I . Yoo ) 한국축산학회 1978 한국축산학회지 Vol.20 No.6

In order to study the protein sparing effect of l-lysine from weanling pig to market weight, a series of feeding and metabolism trials was conducted. In experiment 1, a total of 192 three way crossbred pigs (Landrace x Large White x Duroc) weighing app. 10 ㎏ initially were used for four weeks to determine the effect of supplemental lysine when added to a low protein diets. In experiment 2, a total of 120 three way crossbred pigs were used for 11 weeks from 28 ㎏ to 90 ㎏. The results obtained are as follows: (1) It was found that the dietary protein level of 18% fed during period of 10 to 23㎏ was adequate for the daily gain and feed efficiency. Pigs fed the dietary protein level of 20% were not different in rate of gain and teed efficiency with pigs fed the dietary protein level of 18%. When pig were fed the dietary protein level of 16% + 0.2% l-lysine, rate of gain was similar to pigs fed the dietary protein level of 18%, but feed efficiency was slightly improved, In economic analysis, feed cost required per ㎏. of body weight gain was less for pigs fed the dietary protein level of 16% + 0.2% l-lysine than other levels. Therefore, it was apparent that weanling pig diets supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine was able to spare 2% of dietary protein. (2) The dietary protein level of 16% was adequate for growing pigs from 28 to 53 ㎏. Rate of gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed the dietary protein level of 14% + 0.2% l-lysine was similar to pigs fed dietary protein level of 16%.There were no difference in digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine with other dietary protein level. Therefore, diets supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine could spare 2% of dietary protein for the growers. (3) The dietary protein level of 14% was adequate for finishing pigs from 53 to 90 ㎏. In the rate of gain, pig fed the dietary protein level of 12% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine was slightly higher, but improved effect in rate of gain during finishing period was somewhat lower than growing period. However, improvement in feed efficiency during finishing period for l-lysine fed group was more remarkable than in rate of gain. Digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets by adding 0.2% l-lysine were not affected. (4) Although there was no significant difference, dressing percentage and back fat thickness was slightly increased, and loin aye area was slightly decreased when pigs were fed dietary protein level of 14% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine from 28 to 53 ㎏ and 12% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine from 53 to 90 ㎏. (5) In economic analysis feed cost required per ㎏ of body weight gain for pig fed the dietary protein level of 14-12% supplemented with 0.2% l-lysine was less than that for those fed the other dietary proten levels. Based on the above mentioned results, it may be concluded that adequate level of dietary protein for weanling-growing-finishing pig would be 18-16-14%. It would also be clear that supplementation of l-lysine at 0.2% level in the pig rations from weanling to market weight might be able to spare 2% of dietary protein.

산란계에 대한 칼슘 공급제의 사료가치 비교시험 1 . 패분 ( 貝粉 ) , 석회석 , 방해석 ( 方解石 )의 사료가치 비교시험

한인규,이규호,이상진,강태홍,권관 ( In K . Han,Kyu H . Lee,Sang J . Lee,Tae H . Kang,K . Kwon ) 한국축산학회 1981 한국축산학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This experiment was conducted to compare the nutritive values of limestone, calcitic limestone, and oystershell with a total of 1200 White Leghorn layers. The results obtained during 22 weeks of experimental period are summarized as follows. 1. The calcium contents of oystershell, limestone and calcitic limistone used in this experiment were analyzed to be 29.46%, 34.87% and 38.46%, respectively. 2. Different source of calcium in laying hen diets had no apparent effects on the egg production rate, average egg weight and feed efficiency. 3. The eggshell thickness w-as significantly (p$lt;0.05) different among groups fed different calcium supplements. The eggshell thickness of oystershell, limestone and calcitic limestone fed group was 0.359㎜, 0.346㎜ and 0.339㎜, respectively. The ratios of eggshell weight to egg weight were also significantly (p$lt;0.05) different among treatments in the same trend as the eggshell thickness. 4. There were no significant differences among treatments in contents of calcium and phosphorus of tibia and in the nutrient utilizability of experimental diets. The results obtained from the present experiment showed that the nutritive values of limestone and calcitic limestone were not much different from that of oystershell except in egg shell qualities. It is suggested that all three calcium supplements could he used as good calcium sources in laying hen diet.

육성돈에 대한 수수의 사료적 가치

한인규,하종규 ( In K . Han,Jong K . Ha ) 한국축산학회 1977 한국축산학회지 Vol.19 No.3

To compare the nutritive values of sorghum and corn for growing-finishing swine, a feeding trial was conducted for 12 weeks with a total of 90 heads of three-way crossbred among Landrace × Yorkshire × Birkshire (♂ 45, ♀ 45) replacing 75% corn in swine diet by sorghum grain at the levels of 0. 25. 50 and 75% on a weight basis and other supporting items were also evaluated by pertinent analyses. The result obtained are summarized as follows: (1) It was found that sorghum was low in crude protein and crude fat when it was compared with corn. However, both grains were about equal in amino acid composition. The values of DE and ME of sorghum were 3,567 and 3,168 ㎉/㎏, respectively and those of corn were 3,639 and 3,201 ㎉/㎏, respectively. In general, nutrients in corn were more digested than those in sorghum. (2) Partial or complete substitution of sorghum for corn in growing-finishing swine diet did not affect the growth rate but increased feed comsumption and feed conversion rate. Digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen retention and energy digestibility or metabolizability tended to be decreased and digestibility of crude fiber improved as the level of sorghum in the rations increased. Meanwhile, the digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen free extract were not affected by the substitution of sorghum for corn in the diets of growing finishing swine. It was apparent that commercial diet(control diet) showed low nutritive value compared with experimental diets when evaluated from the results of feeding trial arid balance trial. (3) Carcass quality evaluation revealed that the backfat thickness of pigs tended to be thinner and loin eye area was larger as the level of sorghum increased. However, cut yield percentage was approximately equal among pigs fed different level of sorghum. (4) When calculated from current local price of sorghum, feed price needed to produce 1㎏ body weight was increased with the increased sorghum level. However, gross income for sorghum fed group was higher than that for corn fed group due mainly to the better carcass quality revealed by the former group. Based upon the results of present study, it may be concluded that sorghum is somewhat inferior to corn in nutritive values for growing-finishing swine. However, complete substitution of sorghum for corn in the rations of growing-finishing swine may be possible, if the relative price for sorghum to corn are proper.

옥피사료의 개발에 관한연구 1 . 옥피사료의 반추 미생물에 의한 in vitro 발효 및 in vivo 소화율 및 질소균형에 미치는 영향

한인규,손광수,정정수,박홍석 ( In K . Han,K . S . Sohn,C . S . Chung,H . S . Park ) 한국축산학회 1979 한국축산학회지 Vol.21 No.6

In an effort to develope a corn bran-based concentrate feed for growing Korean cattle, corn bran was used at the levels of 50%, 40, and 30% and the rest was supplemented with proper nutrients. Energy and nitrogen were supplemented with corn starch, molasses, corn germ meal and urea. Vitamines and mineral sources were also added in the mixture. As a preliminary step of evaluating the feeding value of these corn bran feed, an in vitro fermentation and an in vivo digestibility experiment were conducted. The results obtained were as follows 1. During the first 12 hours of in vitro fermentation production of acetic, propionic and butyric acid from the feed containing 50% corn bran was significantly (P$lt;0.05) lower than the control or other cornbran feeds. However, after 24 hours of fermentation there was no difference in the production of these acids except acetic and propionic acid that were significantly (P$lt;0.05) higher for the feed containing 30% corn bran than other. 2. Digestibility of crude fiber and ash was higher and ether extract v, as lower for the corn bran feeds than the control feed in general. As the corn bran level was lowered, digestibility of crude protein and nitrogen free extract was increased but digestibility of crude fiber and ether extract was decreased. 3. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) of the control, the feeds containing 50%, 40% and 30% corn bran were 56.68, 55.59, 58.02 and 58.27%, respectively. As the corn bran level was lowered, digestible nitrogen free extract was increased and that made TDN value higher but significantly lowered digestible crude fiber of the feed containing 30%, corn bran made its TDN value similar to that of the feed containing 40% corn bran. 4. During the collection period of the digestion trial, fecal excretion of nit rogen was lowest for the feed containing 30 % corn bran but urinary excretion of nitrogen was highest for the diet containing 50% corn bran. Nitrogen retention was about 12.0% of intake for the diet containing 50 % corn bran and about 20.0 % for the rest corn bran feeds and control feed. 5. Over all results, considering the fact that the digestibility of crude fiber was depressed and scouring problem was observed with the diet containing 30% corn bran, indicate that corn bran can be succesfully used at the level of 40% on more in a corn bran-based concentrate mixture for cattle feeding.

육성돈에 대한 Mecadox 의 단백질절약 및 성장촉진효과

한인규,유문일,권관 ( In K . Han,Moon I . Yoo,K . Kwon ) 한국축산학회 1979 한국축산학회지 Vol.21 No.6

In order to study the protein sparing and growth promoting effect of mecadox for growing pigs, a total of 160 three way crossbred pigs (Landrace x Duroc x Large White) weighing approximately 11 ㎏ initially were used for a period of 12 weeks of feeding trial and metabolism trial. Experimental diets of two different level of dietary protein (high-19% or low-17% for weaned pig and high -17% or low-15% for growers) were fed with (50 ppm) or without (0 ppm) mecadox (carbodox : methyl- 3 - (2 -quinoxalinylmethylene carbazate-N¹, N⁴-dioxide)). (1) Although there was no statistically difference, pigs fed diets with 50 ppm of mecadox gained faster and more efficient than pigs fed unsupplemented diets regardless of protein level in the diet. Pigs fed the high protein level supplemented with mecadox resulted in best effects of gain and feed efficiency. (2) Rate of gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed the high dietary protein level of 19 % in weaning diet. and 17% in grower ration unsupplemented with mecadox were similar to pigs fed the low dietary protein level of 17% in weaning ration and 15% in grower ration supplemented with mecadox. The growth promoting effect of mecadox was remarkable for younger pigs than growers. (3) Digestibility of crude protein and crude fat was slightly improved and that of crude fiber was decreased when mecadox was added to growing diets. It was apparent that nitrogen retention rate of pigs receiving mecadox was slightly higher than unsupplemenred pigs. Based on the above results, it may be concluded that the addition of mecadox at 50 ppm level could improve the growth rate and feed efficiency from weanling pig to growing pig and that mecadox might have protein sparing effect up to 2% of total dietary protein for growing pigs.

산란계에 대한 칼슘 공급제의 사료가치 비교시험 2 . 칼슘 공급수준이 산란율 , 난각질 및 사료효율에 미치는 영향

한인규,이규호,이상진,강태홍,권관 ( In K . Han,Kyu H . Lee,Sang J . Lee,Tae H . Kang,K . Kwon ) 한국축산학회 1981 한국축산학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of various levels of dietary calcium (1.75%, 2.25%, 2.75%, 3.25% and 3.75%) on laying performances. Experiment was carried out with 1500 White Leghorn layers for a period of 22 weeks. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1 . Egg production rate and feed. efficiency were significantly (p$lt;0.05) improved as the calcium level of diet increased, however, there were no significant differences between 3.25% and 3.75% of calcium level in egg production rate and feed efficiency. 2. Average egg weight was not influenced by the levels of calcium in the diets. 3. Ratios of egg shell thickness and shell weight to egg weight were significantly (p$lt;0.05) increased as the calcium level of diet increased, however, there were no significant differences in egg shell qualities between 3.25% and 3.75% of calcium level. 4. No difference was found either in calcium and phosphorus contents of tibia or in nutrient utilizability of experimental diets. However, calcium utilizability was highest at 2.75% of dietary calcium level. Based on the above results it may be concluded that the laying performance and feed efficiency could be improved by increasing the calcium level in diet up to 3.25%.

피혁분의 사료화에 관한 연구 3 . 육성비육돈에 대한 피혁분의 적정급여수준 결정을 위한 연구

한인규,유문일,권관,박홍석 ( In K . Han,Moon I . Yoo,K . Kwan,Hon S . Park ) 한국축산학회 1980 한국축산학회지 Vol.22 No.4

A total of 200 three-way crossbreds (Landrace × Duroc × Large White) were employed to investigate the feeding effect of different level (0%, 1%, 2%., 3%) of hydrolyzed leather meal (HLM) and 2% of fortified leather meal (FLM: as shown in Table 3) to growing-finishing swine for a period of 15 weeks. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Nutrients content of HLM was varied by different sources (makers) of HLM. It was found that the HLM used in feeding experiment contained 75. 21% crude protein, 2.72% chromium and 57.86% pepsin digestibility. Analytical data revealed that HLM contained fairly large amount of glycine, proline, alanine, arginine and contained small amount of other essential amino acids such as methionine and lysine. 2. Experimental results on weight Rain and feed efficiency indicated that optimum using level of HLM in swine rations was 1 %, and 2 % in case of FLM. 3. Digestibility and digestible nutrients content of experimental rations were not affected by the levels of HLM used 4. Carcass data showed that thinner backfat and larger loin eye muscle area were obtained by supplement of 1 % HLM. 5. Chromium retention in kidney was the highest among the tissues, and was higher as the level of HLM in swine ration increased. Accumulation of chromium in bone was the lowest. But it seemed that chromium content of tissues and organs except kidney had little connection with feeding levels of HLM. The results from this experiment indicate that HLM can be used as a protein source in properly balanced swine ration at level of 1 %, and 2% in case of FLM.

반추가축사료에 있어서 buffer 제의 종류별 첨가효과

한인규,육종융,최윤재,류연선 ( In K . Han,C . Y . Yuk,Y . J . Choi,Y . S . Ryu ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.2

This experiment was conducted for a period of 30 days to investigate the supplement effect of buffering material for ruminant animal through feed intake examination, digestibility experiments and the examination of ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid pattern for lambs. Nine male lambs weighing 45㎏ in initial weight were divided into 3 treatments i.e. control (without buffering material), buffer-M and buffer-MIX group. Three lambs, which were fistulated, were used in the examination of ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid pattern and the others, which were unfistulated, were used in digestibility experiments. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Feed intake: Feed intake of lambs fed buffering group feed was lower than that of control group feed for the first 10 days. But thereafter, there were not large difference among treatments. Feed intake of buffer-MIX group was higher slightly than that of buffer-M group. 2. Digestibility: Nutrient digestibilities except crude fiber of concentrate addition with buffering material were higher by 2 to 4 percent than those of the concentrate without buffering material. And buffer-MIX was more efficient than buffer-M. The supplement effect of buffering material was showed an increase of 0.5 to 2.0 percent in total digestible nutrients (TDN) but was not showed in digestible crude protein (DCP). 3. Ruminal volatile fatty acid pattern and pH: Control group was lower than buffering groups in acetate molar percent but was higher in propionate and butyrate molar percent. Especially the supplement of buffering material was showed increase of total VFA production quantity and prevention of ruminal pH decline. According to the results obtained it could be suggested to the supplement of buffering material may be essential for ruminant animal. And buffer-MIX may be more effective than buffer-M.

가축별 대사시험 및 소화시험 표준방법 설정을 위한 연구 1 . 가금에 대한 사료급여방법 , 전분채취법과 간접방법이 대사율 및 에너지이용율에 미치는 영향

한인규,이규호,최윤재 ( In K . Han,K . H . Lee,Y . J . Choi ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.4

This experiment was conducted to compare the single feeding method with the mixed feeding method or total collection with indirect method by chromic oxide in estimating the evaluation of feed for broiler. For metabolizability experiment, 12 broilers aging 5 to 7 weeks were divided into 4 groups i.e., corn 100% group, corn 70% + soybean meal 30% group, corn 30% + soybean meal 70% group, soybean meal 100% group. To determine the metabolizability of nutrients and energy utilizability by feeding method or total collection and indirect method, metabolizability trial was conducted for 14 day i.e., preliminary period 9 days and collection periods 5 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. There was not the constant trend in feed intake between single feeding and mixed feeding method. But corn 100% group was the lowest in amount of excreta (74.3%/5 day). In proportion to increase soybean meal level, amount of excreta was increased. Consequently, soybean mean group was the highest (282g/5 day). Protein and nitrogen free extract in chemical composition of excreta was the same tendency to amount of excreta. But the others were not the constant tendency. 2. Corn 100% group was the lowest (16.47%) in percent of excretion. In proportion to increase soybean level, percent of excretion was increased. Consequently, soybean oil meal 100% group was the highest (53.01%). Recovery rate of chromium was 87.68 to 104.76% (average 95.42%). There were many variabilities among groups. 3. Metabolizabilities of various nutrients were the highest in corn 100% group. In proportion to increase soybean meal. They were decreased. For broiler, mixed feeding method was preciser than single feeding method. 4. Total collection or indirect method by chromic oxide might be used. But metabolizabilities by indirect method were lower than those by total collection method. It was caused to recovery of chromium. 5. Average metabolizable energy of corn was 3256 ㎉/㎏ and that of soybean meal was 3199 ㎉/㎏.

사료자원 개발을 위한 연구 2 . 고열량사료로서 어유의 사료적 이용에 관한 연구

한인규,이봉덕,윤덕진,백인기,김춘수 ( In K . Han,Bong D . Lee,Doug J . Yoon,In K . Paik,Chun S . Kim ) 한국축산학회 1975 한국축산학회지 Vol.17 No.3

A feeding experiment was conducted employing 360 five-day-old broiler chicks of Starbro strain to evaluate the nutritive value of fish oil as a high energy feed. Birds were distributed to 6 experimental treatments, 4 replicates per treatment, consisting of non-lipid control, fish oil 5%, animal fat 5%, rice bran wax 5%, fish oil 10%, and, animal fat 10%. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Linoleic acid content, one of the essential fatty acids, of fish oil was considerably lower (0.8%) than the other animal fats or vegetable oils. Animal fat and rice bran wax used in this study had their linoleic acid contents of 9.1% and 33.6%, respectively. 2. Only the birds fed diet containing 10% fish oil was significantly lower (p$lt;0.01) in body weight gain and consumed small amounts of feed. The birds fed diet containing 5% rice bran wax and control diets consumed more diets than any other groups. No differences in feed efficiency were noticed in all treatments. Mortality of the fish oil fed birds were much higher than the others. 3. The birds fed diets containing 10% fish oil or animal fat utilized dry matter and total carbohydrate poorly than the other chicks. With regards to nitrogen retention, rice bran wax group was the highest and fish oil groups were the lowest. The MEn value of 10% fish oil diet was significantly lower compared to the 10% animal fat diet. 4. With these results, it may be conducted that 5% or less of fish oil could be used in broiler rations because of the adverse effect in body weight gain and higher morality observed from the birds fed fish oil. Further study may be necessary for the use of fish oil or mixture of fish oil with the other animal fat, and to determine the proper level within 5% level in broiler rations.