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주재욱,백은주,홍승길 고려대학교 의과대학 1988 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.25 No.3
The present experiment was performed on adult cats (2.5-3.5 kg) anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal 40mg/kg,I.M.). The neural activity of vagal efferents to the lung had been recorded on the central end of the vagus nerve at the level of cervical vertebrae. The respiratory neurons were classified according to discharge pattern with respiration and renal afferent stimulation had affected the impulse discharges of vagal efferents to lung. The results are as follows. Type Ⅰ: These fibers fired only during inspiratory period constantly. The resting impulse discharges was 59 impulses/3.4 sec (17 impulses/sec). When A dalta and C fibers of renal afferents was stimulated electrically, the impulse discharge was increased to 103 impulses/4.5 sec (23 impulses/sec) and 90 impulses/4.3 sec (21 impolses/sec.), and inspiratory period was also increased. Type Ⅱ: These fibers fired only during inspiratory period with peak frequency at the start of inspiration and decreased at the end of phase. The resting impulse discharges was 40 impulses/3 sec (13 impulses/sec). When A delta and C fibers of renal afferents was stimulated electrically, vagal efferents was classified decreasing group and increasing group. The latter group was increased to 58 impulses/4.0 sec. by A delta stimulation and 53 impulses/3.8 sec. by C stimulation. The former group was decreased to 24 impulses/2.3 sec. by A delta stimulation and 21 impulses/2.1sec. by C stimulation. Type Ⅲ: These fibers fired irregularly only during inspiratory period with peak frequency with the mid of phase. The resting impulse discharge was 62 impulses/l.7 sec (36 impulse/sec). When A delta and C fibers of renal afferents was stimulated electrically, the impulse discharge was increased to 82 impulses/2.1 sec. (39 impulses/sec.) and 81 impulses/1.9 sec. (43 impulses/sec.), and inspiratory period was also increased. Type Ⅳ: These fibers fired during expiratory period. The resting impulse discharge was 30 impulses/1.2sec (25 impulses/sec.). When A delta and C fibers of renal afferents was stimulated electrically, the type Ⅳ efferents were not affected. Type Ⅴ: These fibers fired during inspiratory period and expiratory period with continous pattern. The resting impulse discharges were 83 impulses/6.1 sec (25 impulse/sec). When A delta and C fibers of renal afferents was stimulated electrically, the vagal efferents was increased to 211 impulses/7.3 sec (29 impulses/sec) and 179 impulses/6.9 sec (26 impulses/sec). These results indicate the stimulation of renal afferents increased the vagal efferent impulse discharges per second and increased inspiratory period except type Ⅱ vagal efferents. The increment of inspiratory discharges might be resulted deep breathing during inspiration and the rate of breathing was increased, which induced tachypnea and hyperpnea. The decreasing group of type Ⅱ vagal efferents might be suggested that synapsed to inhibitory interneuron which had the input from the renal afferents.
The Effects of Technological Change on Employment: The Role of ICT
주재욱 한국경제연구학회 2014 Korea and the World Economy Vol.15 No.2
This paper empirically analyzes the effects of technological change, particularly the Information & Communication Technology (ICT) utilization, on employment structure. A relative labor compensation model and an employment model are estimated to find out the characteristics of change in technology and complementarity between capital and labor, which are the critical variables determining the relationship between technological change and employment. In the relative labor compensation model by technological level, empirical results show a significant capital-augmenting effect of technological change and a consequent substitutability between capital and labor at the mid-low level of skill group in the manufacturing industry, which is the only critical evidence of a decrease in employment due to technological advancement. Through the rest of the models, the effects of technological progress on employment can be represented in both positive and negative directions. Therefore, it is not true that technology is always the cause of jobless growth.