논토양에서 유기물 종류에 따른 토양의 형태별 탄소의 변동에 관한 연구

서명철(Myung-Chul Seo),조현숙(Hyeon-Suk Cho),성기영(Ki-Yeong Seong),김민태(Min-Tae Kim),류진희(Jin-Hee Ryu),박태선(Tae-Seon Park),강항원(Hang-Won Kang) 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.10

기후변화에 따른 국내 벼 품종과 재배기술의 적응성에 관한 고찰

서명철,김준환,최경진,이윤호,상완규,조현숙,조정일,신평,백재경,Seo, Myung-Chul,Kim, Joon Hwan,Choi, Kyeong Jin,Lee, Yun-Ho,Sang, Wan-Gyu,Cho, Hyeon Suk,Cho, Jung-Il,Shin, Pyeong,Baek, Jae Kyeong 한국작물학회 2020 한국작물학회지 Vol.65 No.4

In recent years, the temperature of Korea has been rapidly increasing due to global warming. Over the past 40 years, the temperature of Korea has risen by about 1.26℃ compared to that in the early 1980s. By region, the west region of the Gangwon Province was the highest at 1.76℃ and the Jeonnam Province was the lowest at 0.96℃. As the temperature continues to rise, it is expected that the rice yield will decrease in the future using the current standard cultivation method. As a result of global warming, the periods in which rice cultivation could be possible in regions each year has increased compared those to the past, showing a wide variety from 110 days in Taebaek to 180 days in Busan and Gwangyang. In addition, the transplanting time was delayed by 3-5 days in all regions. The average annual yield of rice showed an increasing trend when we analyzed the average productivities of developed varieties for cooked rice since the 1980s, especially in the early 1990s, which showed a rapid increase in productivity. The relationship between the average temperature at the time of development and the rice yield was divided into the periods before and after 1996. The higher the average temperature, the lower the yield of the developed varieties until 1996. However, since 1996, the increase in the average temperature did not show a trend in the productivity of the developed varieties. The climate change adaptability of developed rice varieties was investigated by analyzing the results of growing crops nationwide from 1999 to 2016 and the change in the annual yields of developed varieties and recently developed varieties as basic data to investigate the growth status of the crops in the country. As a result of annual comparisons of the yields of Taebongbyeo (2000) and Ungwangbyeo (2004) developed in the early 2000s for Odaebyeo, which was developed in the 1980s, the annual yields were relatively higher in varieties in the 2000s despite the increase in temperature. The annual yields of Samgwangbyeo (2003) and Saenuribyeo (2007), which were recently developed as mid-late-type varieties, were higher than those of an earlier developed variety called Chucheongbyeo, which was developed in the 1970s. Despite the rapid increase in temperature, rice cultivation technology and variety development are well adapted to climate change. However, since the biological potential of rice could reach its limit, it is necessary to develop continuous response technology.

한국 논에서 제초제 저항성잡초 발생 현황과 전망

박태선(Tae Seon Park),이인용(In Yong Lee),성기영(Ki Yeong Seong ),조현숙(Hyeon Suk Cho),박홍규(Hong Kyu Park),고재권(Jae Kwon Ko),강위금(Ui Gum Kang) 韓國雜草學會 2011 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.31 No.2

2010년까지 국내 논에서 설포닐우레아(sulfonylurea : SU)계 제초제들에 대한 저항성잡초로 확인된 잡초들 1998년도에 충남서산 간척지 논에서 물옥잠이 확인 이후 일년생 물달개비, 올챙이고랭이, 알방동사니 등 7초종, 다년생 올미, 새섬매자기 등 다년생 잡초 3초종이 발생하여 총 10초종이다. 그리고 2009년 ACCase 및 ALS 저해제들에 대한 저항성 피가 담수직파 논의 서·남부지역에서 처음 확인되었다. 초기에는 SU계 제초제들에 대한 저항성잡초들인 물달개비, 올챙이고랭이, 알방동사니 등은 하나의 논 필지에 하나의 초종들이 발생을 하였으나 최근에는 하나의 필지에 다수의 초종들이 동시적으로 발생하고 있다. 2008년도에 전국 861필지의 논에서 채취한 토양에서 발생하고 있는 물달개비 및 올챙이고랭이의 저항성 비율은 각각 42% 및 23%로 나타났다. 저항성잡초들의 생체중을 50% 억제한 농도(GR50)는 저항성 계통이 감수성 계통에 비해 수 십배에서 수 천배 높게 나타났다. ACCase 및 ALS 저해 제초제들인 cyhalofop-butyl, pyriminobac-methyl, penoxulam 저항성 강피에 대한 저항성 계통의 GR50은 감수성 계통에 비해 각각 14, 8, 11배나 높게 나타났다. 한국의 논에서 제초제 저항성의 다발생과 확산의 원인은 크게 잡초측면과 제초제 측면으로 구분할 수 있다. 잡초측면에서는 종자생산량과 발아율이 높은 잡초들 즉 물달개비, 올챙이고랭이 등이 저항성잡초로 변화한다. 그리고 제초제 측면은 저항성 잡초 유발의 원인인 선택성이 탁월하고 약효지속성이 매우 긴 SU계 제초제들의 광범위한 사용이다. SU계 제초제들의 생산 품목들과 처리 논 면적의 비율은 각각 69%와 96%이다. 그리고 2003년까지 처리면적으로 본 선호도 10위까지 제초제들은 대부분 SU계 제초제들이 혼합된 “일발처리제”들이다. 직파재배 논에서 ACCase 및 ALS들이 혼합된 제초제들의 연용은 제초제 저항성 피를 유발하였고, 이는 피에 효과적인 SU계 제초제들인 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 및 imazosulfuron과 무관하지 않다. SU계 제초제들에 대한 물옥잠의 저항성 계통의 I50은 감수성 계통에 비해서 14배에서 76배 높았는데, 이는 제초제의 흡수 및 이행에 의한 차이보다는 ALS 유전자의 점 돌연변이(point mutation)에 의한 것으로 나타났다. 즉 ALS 유전자 아미노산 197번째 proline이 serine로 변화되었기 때문이다. 제초제 저항성잡초 방제로 benzobicyclone, bromobutide 등은 광엽 및 방동사니과 잡초들을 동시에 방제가 가능하다. 그리고 ACCase 및 ALS 저항성 피의 방제는 mefenacet, fentrazamide, cafenstrole로 2엽기까지 방제가 가능하다. 그러나 앞으로 국내 논에서 제초제 저항성잡초 및 관리에 대해서는 많은 문제점들을 내포하고 있다. 첫째, 현재까지 제초제 저항성 유발 약제들인 ALS 및 ACCase 저해제들의 사용량이 증가하기 때문에 제초제 저항성 잡초들은 계속 발생할 뿐만 아니라 더욱 빠른 속도로 확산할 것이다. 둘째, 미국, 유럽, 호주 등 선진국들과 같은 제초제 저항성잡초를 연구할 수 있는 전문 연구기관과 인력이 부족하다. Sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant weeds include seven annual weeds such as Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus juncoides and Cyperus difformis, etc., and three perennial weeds of Scirpus planiculmis, Sagittaria pigmaea and Eleocharis acicularis as of 2010 since identification Monochoria korsakowii in the reclaimed rice field in 1998. The Echinochloa oryzoides resistant to acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors has been confirmed in wet-direct seeding rice field of the southern province, Korea in 2009. In the beginning of occurrence of SU-resistant weeds the M. vaginalis, S. juncoides and C. difformis were rapidly and individually spreaded in different fields, however, theses resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed as time goes by. The resistant biotype by weed species demonstrated about 10- to 1,000-fold resistance, base on GR50 (50% growth reduction) values of the SU herbicides tested. And the resistant biotype of E. oryzoides to cyhalofop-butyl, pyriminobac-methyl, and penoxsulam was about 14, 8, and 11 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype base on GR50 values. In history of paddy herbicides in Korea, the introduction of SU herbicides including besulfuron-metyl and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl that control many troublesome weeds at low use rates and provide excellent crop safety gave farmers and many workers for herbicide business refreshing jolt. The products and applied area of SU-included herbicides have been rapidly increased, and have accounted for about 69% and 96%, respectively, in Korea. The top ten herbicides by applied area were composed of all SU-included herbicides by 2003. The concentrated and successive treatment of ACCase and ALS inhibitors for control of barnyardgrass in direct-seeded rice led up to the resistance of E. oryzoides. Also, SU-herbicides like pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazosulfuron which are effective to barnyardgrass can be bound up with the resistance of E. oryzoides. The ALS activity isolated from the resistant biotype of M. korsakowii to SU-herbicides tested was less sensitive than that of susceptible biotype. The concentration of herbicide required for 50% inhibition of ALS activity (I50) of the SU-resistant M. korsakowii was 14- to 76-fold higher as compared to the susceptible biotype. No differences were observed in the rates of [14C]bensulfuron uptake and translocation. ALS genes from M. vaginalis resistant and susceptible biotypes against SU-herbicides revealed a single amino acid substitution of proline (CCT), at 197th position based on the M. korsakowii ALS sequence numbering, to serin (TCT) in conserved domain A of the gene. Carfentrazone-ethyl and pyrazolate were used mainly to control SU-resistant M. vaginalis by 2006, the early period, in Korea. However, the alternative herbicides such as benzobicyclone, to be possible to control simultaneously the several resistant weeds, have been developing and using broadly because the several resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed. The top ten herbicides by applied area in Korea have been occupied by products of 3-way mixture type including herbicides with alternative mode of action for the herbicide resistant weeds. Mefenacet, fentrazamide and cafenstrole had excellent controlling effects on the ACCase and ALS inhibitors resistant when they were applied within 2 leaf stage.

일별 기상자료를 이용한 농경지 물 수지 및 토양수분 예측모형(AFKAE0.5) 개발

서명철(Myung-Chul Seo),허승오(Seung-Oh Hur),손연규(Yeon-Kyu Sonn),조현숙(Hyeon-Suk Cho),전원태(Weon-Tai Jeon),김민경(Min-Kyeong Kim),김민태(Min-Tae Kim) 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.6

밭 재배면적이 증가하면서 토양내 수분함량에 따른 적정관개가 작물생산성에 중요한 역할을 하기 때문에 손쉽게 농가에서 포장의 토양수분함량을 파악하고 대처하는 것이 중요하다. 본 시험은 농경지에서 간단한 일 기상자료와 관개이력으로 물 수지 및 토양수분함량을 일단위로 추정하기 위하여 AFKAE0.5 토양수분추정모형을 개발하고 이를 검증을 하고자 하였다. 다양한 토양의 특성을 단순화 하기 위해 대상토양을 300mm의 균일한 토양으로 가정하였고 대상 토양지하에서 물 이동을 정의하기 위하여 토양수분장력에 따른 3개의 수분영역을 설정하여 투수량과 상승량을 산출하여 물 수지에 반영하였다. 토양 물수지에서 투입요인으로는 강우, 관개, 수분 상승량을 설정하였고 산출요인으로는 증발산, 유거, 투수량을 설정하여 모형을 개발하였다. 각 요인의 물량 산출을 위한 추정모형은 문헌 및 보고서를 이용하여 작성하였으며 모형을 검증하기 위해 공주지역 고추포장을 대상으로 작부기간 동안 AFKAE0.5 모형을 이용하여 모의하여 물 수지를 산출하였으며 모형의 검증을 위하여 실제 포장에서 층위별 센서를 이용하여 측정한 토양수분함량 변화값을 비교하였다. 대상 포장에 대해 AFKAE0.5 모형의 모의 결과 투입부분으로 연간 강우, 관개, 수분상승량은 각각 1,043, 0, 207 mm이었으며 산출요인으로 증발산, 유거, 투수량은 각각 831, 309, 161 mm로 산출되어 투입된 물보다 산출된 물의 양이 88 mm 많았다. 또한 작부기간중 증발산량에 대해 지하에서 상승하는 수분량이 24.7%에 해당되어 건조기에 지하에서 모세관 등을 통해 상승하는 양도 상당한 것을 알 수 있었다. 작부기간 중 토양수분 측정값과 AFKAE0.5 모형의 모의 값과 토양수분함량의 변화를 일별로 비교한 결과 포화되었을 때의 수분함량이 유사하였으며 건조에 따른 수분함량 일별 감소비율이 매우 유사하게 나타나고 있어 모형이 적합한 것으로 평가되었다. 개발된 AFKAE0.5 토양 물수지 및 수분추정 모형은 농가에서 손쉽게 자가 포장에 대한 기본적인 영농이력을 알고 있으며 포장의 수분상태를 알 수 있고 적정관개를 할 수 있는 유용한 도구로서 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다. As the area of upland crops increase, it is become more important for farmers to understand status of soil water at their own fields due to key role of proper irrigation. In order to estimate daily water balance and soil water content with simple weather data and irrigation records, we have developed the model for estimating water balance and soil water content, called AFKAE0.5, and verified its simulated results comparing with daily change of soil water content observed by soil profile moisture sensors. AFKAE0.5 has two hypothesis before establishing its system. The first is the soil in the model has 300 mm in depth with soil texture. And the second is to simplify water movement between the subjected soil and beneath soil dividing 3 categories which is defined by soil water potential. AFKAE0.5 characterized with determining the amount of upward and downward water between the subjected soil and beneath soil. As a result of simulation of AFKAE0.5 at Gongju region with red pepper cultivation in 2005, the water balance with input minus output is recorded as ? 88 mm. the amount of input water as precipitation, irrigation, and upward water is annually 1,043, 0, and 207 mm, on the other, output as evapotranspiration, run-off, and percolation is 831, 309, and 161 mm, respectively.

녹비 연용 벼 재배 논에서 잡초발생 조사

성기영(Ki-Yeong Seong),전원태(Weon-Tai Jeon),조현숙(Hyeon-Suk Cho),김민태(Min-Tae Kim),김충국(Chung-Guk Kim) 韓國雜草學會 2009 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.29 No.3

녹비연용 논 포장에서 벼 재배 시 잡초발생 변화를 조사하기 위해 3년, 4년 7년간 녹비를 연용한 국립식량과학원 논 포장에서 각각 잡초발생을 조사하였다. 3년간 녹비를 연용하면 잡초발생에 변화가 시작되고 4년간 녹비를 연용하면 잡초군락에 변화가 오고 7년간 연용하면 잡초방제법을 달리하여야 할 정도로 잡초발생에 변화가 온다. 녹비를 연용하면 피, 밭뚝외풀의 발생이 많아지고 잡초군락이 변화하며 총발생수가 많아진다. 잡초종류는 월년생 뚝새풀 발생이 줄어드는 대신 하잡초의 초종수가 증가한다. 녹비를 7년간 연용한 논포장에서의 피는 이앙 후 13일경 엽수가 3.6~4.2개였으며, 토양처리 제초제를 처리하여도 방제되지 않은 피 개체수가 4.3~6.1개 m-2로 변 수량감소에 영향을 줄 수 있는 정도였다. Study on weed emergence in the 3 paddy fields, successively applied with green manure for 3, 4 and 7 years, respectively was conducted to investigate the changes in weed emergence. According to the results of this study, 3-year-application of green manure induceed changes in weed emergence, 4-year-application of it caused them in weed community and 7-year-application of it made it necessary to change the conventional weed control method. The emergence of barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli, and common false pimpernel, Lindernia procumbens was increased, weed community was changed. The gross emergence of weeds was increased through applying green manure sucessively. The emergence of biennial water foxtail, Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis, was decreased while the number of species of summer annual was increased. In the paddy field applied sucessively with green manure for 7 years, the leaf number of barnyard grass ranged from 3.6 to 4.2 at about 13 days after transplanting and the population of it, surviving soil-applied herbicide treatment, ranged from 4.3 plants m-2, and these were estimated to be troublesome enough to cause yield loss.

벼 최소경운 건답직파재배를 이용한 잡초성벼 방제

성기영(Ki-Yeong Seong),이정태(Jeong-Tae Lee),박태선(Tae-Seon Park),조현숙(Hyeon-Suk Cho),서명철(Myung-Chul Seo),김미향(Mi-Hyang Kim),강항원(Hang-Won Kang) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2013 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.2 No.3

본 연구는 벼 최소경운 건답직파재배기술을 이용하여 논잡초성벼 방제를 시도하기 위하여 2011년에 수행되었다. 벼 최소경운 건답직파재배는 1자형 로타리날을 이용하여 무경운 상태의 논에서 조파 27 cm간격으로 폭 4 cm의 파종골을 내어 파종하는 벼 건답직파재배 기술이다. 이 재배 기술은 파종 작업시 경운을 최소화하기 때문에 잡초성벼방제가 가능하다. 2012년의 경우 4월 28일 잡초성벼가 발생을 시작하였고 5월 9일경 잡초성벼 발생 비율이 61.9%이었다. 이때 파종을 하고 파종후 10일 제초제를 처리하면 89~96%, 파종후 15일에 처리하면 97~99%의 잡초성벼를 방제할 수 있었다. 하지만 해에 따라 잡초성벼 발생은 4월 중 기온과 강수량에 영향을 받아 달라질 수 있다. 따라서 잡초성벼를 효과적으로 방제하면서 안정적인 쌀 수량을 확보하기 위해서는 4월 15~20일경 관개하여 잡초성벼 발생을 유도하여 적정파종시기가 당겨지는 방법이 좋을 것으로 판단되었다. This study was tried to control the weedy rice using minimum tillage direct seeding of rice on dry paddy. Minimum tillage direct seeding on dry paddy is tilled with 4 cm in width at 27 cm intervals by 1-shaped rotary blade. Using this cultivation method can control weedy rice effectively by minimizing the soil disturbance. In this study, weedy rice was firstly emerged at April 28 in 2012. After 11 days emergence rate of weedy rice at May 9 was 61.9%. At this time rice was sown and then herbicides was treated at 10 and 15 days after sowing. When herbicides was treated at 10 days after sowing the control effect was 89-96%, and when treated at 15 days the control effect was 97-99%. However emergence of weedy rice differ according to the year and year. It was thought to be affected by April average temperature and total precipitation. So, for effective weedy rice control and stable rice yield, it was considered that irrigation at April 15-20 to induce the emergence of weedy rice is required.

녹비 작물 처리에 따른 운광벼 중 감마오리자놀 변화

김헌웅 ( Heon Woong Kim ),신재형 ( Jae Hyeong Shin ),이민기 ( Min Ki Lee ),이성현 ( Sung Hyeon Lee ),장환희 ( Hwan Hee Jang ),조현숙 ( Hyun Suk Cho ),이정태 ( Jeong Tae Lee ),전원태 ( Weon Tai Jeon ),김정봉 ( Jung Bong Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2015 한국환경농학회지 Vol.34 No.2

BACKGROUND: γ-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, are a nutritionally important group of rice secondary metabolites. The γ-Oryzanol content and composition were found to vary with enviromental factors such as growth temperature, varietal origin, and cultivation method. Therefore, the effect of green manure treatments will be also be an important factor in their content. METHODS AND RESULTS: The γ-Oryzanols extracted using dichloromethane/methanol were analyzed equipped liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A total of ten components of γ-oryzanol including Δ7-stigmastenyl ferulate were isolated of which, cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulate were identified as the major components in Korean rice variety, Unkwang. The γ-oryzanol content in rice, in the presence of nitrogen fertilization using green manure was similar to conventional nitrogen fertilization, but was higher than the control(no fertilizations). The γ-oryzanol ontent in rice, in the presence of hairy vetch as green manure crop was the highest compared to other crops (opium-poppy, crimson clover, cornflower). As a result of PLS-DA using SIMCA 11.0 ver. as multivariate analysis program on the basis of total data, in all samples, the specific pattern and cluster of γ-oryzanol scores according to green manure crops and conditions were confirmed with possible distinguishing nitrogen effects. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen contained in the green manure crops is considered to play a major role in the formation of γ-oryzanol. Hairy vetch which contains higher nitrogen increased the concentration of γ-oryzanol in rice.