캐나다 브리티시 콜롬비아주의 의사결정능력장애인의 사법상의 권리 실현 보장체계에 관한 연구

제철웅,Cheolung Je 한국비교사법학회 2014 비교사법 Vol.21 No.4

치매, 발달장애, 정신장애, 뇌병변장애 등으로 의사결정능력에 장애가 있는 성인은 재산 관리, 신상보호와 관련된 권리를 실현하면서 생활하는 데 경제적 위험과 의사결정능력 장애로 인한 위험에 처하기 쉽다. 전자는 의사결정능력 장애인이 다른 장애인⋅비장애인과의 의사소통에 어려움이 있기 때문에 경제활동 수행이 어렵거나 근로를 하더라도 단순한 업무 이외에는 이들을 고용하지 않으려 하기 때문에 사회생활 영위를 위한 재원 부족 상태에 처할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 후자는 의사소통상의 어려움으로 인해 타인에게 이용당하거나 속아서 경제적, 신체적, 정서적 피해에 노출되기 쉽다는 것이다. 이런 전형적 위험을 해소하고 사법상의 권리를 실현하면서 사회생활을 영위하기 위한 토대는 두 가지 위험을 해소할 장치의 마련이다. 전자는 공공부조제도, 부양의무자, 특별수요신탁제도 등 재원확보 방안을 마련하는 것이다. 후자의 위험을 해소하기 위해서는 의사결정지원 및 대행제도가 마련되어야 한다. 그러나 위 두 가지 제도의 정비만으로는 의사결정능력 장애인의 안전한 사회생활의 영위는 실현되기 어렵다. 신체적, 정서적, 경제적 피해 상태에 신속히 개입하여 침해된 권리를 회복시키고 장래의 침해를 방지할 수 있도록 해 주는 권익지원제도의 마련, 의사결정무능력 상태에 있더라도 민사재판을 통해 손쉽게 침해된 권리의 회복이 가능해질 수 있는 제도의 정비가 마련되어야 한다. 이런 4가지 측면의 제도가 유기적으로 가동되어야만 의사결정능력 장애인이 지역사회에 통합되어 살아갈 수 있는 환경이 마련될 수 있다. 이 글은 이런 분석틀에 따라 브리티시 콜롬비아 주의 사법상의 권리실현 보장체계를 분석한 것이다. This article dealing with the British Colombia system for protecting private rights of persons with impairment to decision making ability aims to propose what system should be provided for to make sure such persons live integrated into communities while avoiding typical risks they face. Such a person has difficulties in getting job because of their impairment to decision making ability, leading to little financial resource. In this regard, national assistance can be main resource on which they live everyday life. Despite financial resource, he has difficulties in using it for its proper purpose. Furthermore, he is likely to incur loss by exploitation or deceit from others, due to lack of capacity to reasonably make decisions on financial matters. To make him avoid such risks, it is indispensible to assist or substitute decision-making to use financial resource to his benefit. Such a supported decision making system or suubstitute decision making system can not properly work unless any protection and advocacy system intervenes whenever and wherever any kinds of abuse or neglect happen to persons with impairment to decision making ability. Lastly, such a Protection and advocacy system cannot function properly unless access of such persons to civil litigations are guaranteed even though any proper guardian is not available or even though abuser or any tort feasor is his guardian or relative. This article analyses British Colombian system with this analysis frame. The main features of B.C protection system are as follows. Firstly, private resource as well as public money is well mobilized by combination of national assistance and special needs trust even though there is not any kind of maintenance duty of parents for their adult child. Secondly, B.C. tries to minimize installation of guardianship by widening availability of alternatives to guardianship, leading to reduction of social costs to provide persons with imparied decision making ability with supported or substituted decision making system. Furthermore, social environment for integration of such persons into communities is enhanced by diverse kinds of schemes for assisting decision making. Thirdly, public guardian and trustee office has been working for vulnerable adults by supervising committees, attorneys, and representatives. In addition, CLBC, a private entity, assists the Public Guardian and Trustee Office as a P&A organization, the powers and duties of which have been delegated by B.C. government to protect and advocate persons with impairment to decision making ability. The B.C. system can work properly in terms of protecting private rights of such persons because B.C. civil procedure rules fully guarantees access of such persons to civil litigation, even though there is not any guardian, attorney, or representative and even though guardian, attorney or representative is the person abusing or neglecting such a vulnerable adult.

가족생활의 형사법적 보호와 민사법적 보호 간의 긴장

제철웅(Je, Cheol-Ung) 한국가족법학회 2015 가족법연구 Vol.29 No.3

The elderly abuse has recently been a hot issue, because family bondage has become weaker and weaker, and single households consisted of elderly has become rising. In this regard, some argues that a special legislation is necessary to punish or to educate elderly abusers. This paper suggests that private law approach work more efficiently than criminal law approach to prevent and reduce elderly abuses. It emphasizes that what is needed is to provide elderly with various future planning tools such as advanced directives to care and medical treatments, contractual guardianship similar to lasting power of attorney, and trusts and so on rather than to search abusers and punish them. The argument of this paper is based on the premise that elderly abuses take place because elderly lose the mental and/or physical capacity to deal with his and her property and personal welfare. If they have in advance made future planing to deal with losing capacity, most abuses can be properly prevented.

학대피해 노인의 권리보호와 지원 등을 위한 특례법안을 제안하며

제철웅(Je, Cheol-ung) 한국성년후견학회 2015 성년후견 Vol.- No.3

2000년 우리나라가 고령화사회로 진입한 이후 노인학대가 점증하고 있다. 노인학대에 대처하기 위해 2004년 노인복지법을 개정하여 특정의 노인학대를 형사범죄로 처벌하도록 규정하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 노인학대는 줄어들지 않았고, 더 증가하였다. 이에 노인보호전문기관에서 활동하는 몇 몇 실무가들은 노인학대범죄를 쉽게 발견해서 확실히 형사처벌을 받을 수 있도록 하기 위한 특별법을 제정하자고 주장하고 있다. 그러나 이 글은 이와 반대의 관점에서 서술하고 있다. 취약한 노인의 권리를 보호하고 그들을 옹호하는 것이 노인 학대를 더 효과적으로 방지하는 수단이라는 인식 하에, 달리 말하면 형사적 접근보다는 민사적 접근이 노인학대예방에 효과적이라는 인식 하에, 이 글은 학대 피해노인의 권리보호와 지원에 관한 법률의 제정을 제안하고 있다. The elderly abuse cases have been increasing since Korea became an aging society as from 2000. To cope with elderly abuse cases, the Elderly Welfare Act was revised in 2004 to the effect that the specific elderly abuses shall be sanctioned as a crime. Nevertheless, elderly abuse cases have not been alleviated, but much more increased. Some practitioners working in the elderly protection agencies insist that a special act be enacted so that elderly abuse crimes can be so easily detected for abusers to be punished; otherwise, elderly abuses cannot be stopped. On the contrary, considering that support, and protection of the rights of, vulnerable elderly can be much more effective measures to prevent elderly abuses, and that civil law approach, rather than criminal approach, can be better to cope with elderly abuse cases, this paper proposes the legislation of a special act for the protection of the rights, and support of, abused elderly.

발달장애인 대상 공공부조 지원의 효과성 제고를 위한 재산관리 지원서비스 도입의 필요성

제철웅 ( Cheolung Je ),박지혜 ( Jihae Park ),김원경 ( Wonkyung Kim ),주혜림 ( Hae Rim Joo ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 2020 법학논총 Vol.37 No.4

장애인권리협약 발효 이후 발달장애인의 탈시설, 지역사회 통합이 중요한 국가 정책목표의 하나로 되고 있다. 발달장애인이 지역사회에서 생활하기 위해서는 주거, 활동보조만이 아니라, 사회생활에서 직면하는 다양한 사회적 장벽을 헤쳐 나갈 수 있는 지원이 있어야 한다. 그 지원은 동 협약 제12조의 의사결정지원이어야 할 것이다. 이런 관점에서 보면, 발달장애인이 직면한 사회적 장애인 재산관리의 취약성을 극복하고 지역사회에서 생활하기 위해서는 발달장애인의 재산관리를 지원하는 별도의 서비스가 정당한 편의제공으로 있어야만 할 것이다. 그 서비스는 발달장애인을 대신하여 재산을 관리하는 것이 아니라, 발달장애인이 보유한 재산을 안전하게 관리하면서 더 효과적으로 사용할 수 있도록 지원하는 서비스여야 할 것이다. 이런 문제의식 하에 이 논문은 의사결정대행제도로 이미 비판을 받고 있는 후견제도만이 아니라 기존의 대리수령제도, 계좌관리인제도의 현황을 조사하였다. 기존의 제도가 발달장애인의 재산을 안전하게 관리해서 효과적으로 사용될 수 있게 하는 데에는 한계가 있다는 점을 확인한 후, 이를 극복하기 위해서는 발달장애인 재산관리 지원서비스를 제도화시킬 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 발달장애인 재산관리 지원서비스는 특히 공공부조 수급자인 발달장애인을 위해(거기에 한정되지는 않지만) 그의 재산을 효과적으로 활용할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다고 제안한다. 이를 위해 발달장애인 또는 그 부모의 재산을 이전받아 이를 집합시켜 관리함으로써 재산관리의 효율성을 높이고, 관리재산을 발달장애인의 개인적 필요와 욕구에 맞게 효과적으로 사용할 수 있도록 지원하는 것이어야 한다고 제안한다. 그 목적을 달성하기 위해 이 논문은 발달장애인 권리보장 및 지원에 관한 법률 제3장에 관련 법률규정을 입법을 할 것을 제안하고 있다. This paper aims at proposing enactment of support services of property management by persons with developmental disabilities to enhance the effectiveness of public benefit programs. In order to design an effective support services for property management by persons with developmental disabilities, this paper conducted surveys and interviews presenting the current status of their property management, focused on public benefit. Specifically, we surveyed people with developmental disabilities living in both disability institutions and local communities. Then this paper studied the policies of developed countries, specifically the U.S. and Japan, that support the property management by persons with disabilities in similar situation. This paper found that, compared to U.S. and Japan policies, there are representative payees system and “guardianship system” in Korea, which prioritize keeping the property of persons with developmental disabilities safe rather than actively using their property. This paper argues that a convenient property management policy, which focuses on supporting persons with developmental disabilities in making autonomous decisions safely and effectively rather than on keeping their property safe on their behalf. In order to ensure the self-determination of persons with developmental disabilities, this paper suggests that the property of persons with developmental disabilities or their parents should be transferred to property management support services so as to manage their property and support them to effectively use managed property according to their individual needs and desires. Effective use, in this case, suggests that the collectively managed funds perform the same function as consumer cooperative and provide items and services for people with developmental disabilities at an affordable price. In order to implement the suggested property management support services, this paper suggests that the cooperation of several entities including the Ministry of Health and Welfare, a trustee institution, regional support organizations, and individual social workers and other supp orters of people with developmental disabilities should be ensured. For this purpose, this paper makes a legislation proposal

성년후견제도의 미래 : 호주 뉴사우스웨일즈 주의 후견제도로부터의 시사점

제철웅(Je, Cheol-Ung),박현정(Park, Hyun-Jung) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2020 의생명과학과 법 Vol.24 No.-

치매, 발달장애, 정신질환 등으로 의사를 결정하는 데 장애가 있는 성인(의사결정능력 장애인)은 법률행위 및 준법률행위를 통해 재화와 서비스가 전달되도록 구성되어 있는 사회제도 내에서 생활할 때 다른 어떤 장애인보다도 착취와 학대에 더 많이 노출될 수 있다. 지역사회에서 다른 사람들과 대등한 지위에서 생활하기 위해서는 의사결정능력 장애인의 의사결정을 지원하고, 필요할 때에는 대리할 수 있는 개인별 지원자가 필요하다. 본인의 선택 또는 법률규정에 의한 선임을 거친 의사결정지원자가 없이는 의사결정능력 장애인이 학대위험으로부터 벗어나 지역사회에서 독립하여 생활하는 것이 매우 어렵기 때문이다. 그런데 많은 나라의 전통적인 법제도 하에서는 법원에서 선임한 후견인이나 계약에 따라 지속적 대리권(enduring power of attorney)을 가진 자가 이러한 개인별 지원자의 역할을 하는 것으로 예정되어 있었다. 그러나 장애인권리협약 제12조는 의사결정대행을 기본으로 하는 후견제도의 즉각적인 폐지를 요구하는 것으로 해석되고 있다. 그 점에서 위 조항에 부합하는 의사결정지원의 내용이 무엇인지, 제공되는 의사결정지원서비스의 제공･지원･감독에서 어떤 전달체계를 갖추어 국가가 관여해야 하는지가 협약비준국에 매우 중요한 입법 및 정책 과제로 부상하고 있다. 이 논문은 의사결정능력 장애인의 권리, 의사, 선호를 존중하는 의사결정이 이루어질 수 있도록 지원하는 개인별 지원자가 있어야 하며, 의사결정지원자를 본인이 선택할 수 있도록 보장하고본인이 선택할 수 없을 때 권한 있는 기관에서 지원자를 선임할 수 있도록 하는 것이 의사결정지원제도의 핵심이라고 보고, 이러한 유형의 의사결정지원제도를 구축하고자 하는 호주 뉴사우스웨일즈주의 예를 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과, 호주에서는 의사결정지원자 및 대리인이 의사결정능력 장애인의 권리, 의사, 선호를 존중하여 그 스스로 의사결정을 하도록 지원하고, 필요하면 대리하는 서비스를 제공하는 것이 장애인권리협약 제12조에 부합하는 것으로 파악하고 있음을 확인하였다. 의사결정지원서비스를 제공하는 전달체계는 주별로 관할하는 사항인데, 뉴사우스웨일즈주의 예를 보면 현재의 전달체계를 더 발전시켜, 지원자 및 대리인의 활동이 의사결정지원이 될 수 있도록 보장하기 위해 다학제 전문가로 구성된 선임기관(민사･행정위원회), 지원자 및 대리인의 활동을 지원하거나 감독하는 것만이 아니라 학대받거나 학대위험 상황에 놓인 의사결정능력 장애인의 피해를 구제하는 역할을 하는 기관(권리옹호인) 등을 새롭게 정비하고자 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 기반으로 이 논문에서는 명칭 여하를 불문하고, 의사결정지원을 피지원자의 권한 및 권리박탈과 연계되지 않도록 하고, 대신 자신의 권리, 의사, 선호에 따라 지역사회에서 생활할 수 있도록 지원하기 위해서는 후견법의 개정만이 아니라, 가정법원 중심의 후견 서비스의 전달체계를 근본적으로 개선하는 것, 의사결정지원자를 지원하고 감독하기 위한 별도의 기관을 두는 것, 학대예방 및 피해구제와 의사결정지원이 연계되도록 하는 것 등 의사결정지원 서비스의 전달체계에 세심한 관심을 기울여야 한다는 점을 제안하고 있다. In a society where goods and services are delivered through legal and quasi-legal instruments, adults who lack the capacity to make decisions, often with dementia, developmental disorder, mental illness, etc. are more likely to be victims of abuse and exploitation. They need others who can help them make choices about their own lives and, if necessary, make decisions on behalf of them; individuals who are either chosen by these persons or appointed through a legal procedure are essential for them in living independent lives in the communities. Under most legal systems, guardians appointed by court orders or persons with enduring powers of attorney have provided such assistance but the focus was very much on the substitution of decisions rather than support and assistance in making one’s own choices. The article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD) is interpreted as calling for an immediate abolition of guardianship system based on substituted decision-making. What should be a supported decision-making like? What role should a state play in providing, advocating and supervising a supported decision-making framework? These questions emerge as most important legislative and policy issues in this regard. This paper runs a comparative study on the current guardianship system of the New South Wales, Australia, and the movement to reform it to be more in accordance with the CRPD. Each individual who is unable to make decisions should be provided with personal supporter(s) to help him make his own choices that respect their rights, wills and preferences. He should be guaranteed to choose a supporter or supporters of his own. When this is not possible, a state authority, be it a court or a tribunal or other forms of government agency, should step in to appoint one. These are key elements in establishing a supported decision-making system different from the current guardianship system both in NSW and in Korea. In Australia, the article 12 of the UN CRPD is interpreted not as abolishing substitute decision-making altogether, but as allowing it only as a last resort. Each State and Territory are to provide a decision-making support system. The reformative movement in New South Wales aims to create a supported decision-making system along with a revised substitute decision-making system. It maintains the interdisciplinary character of the members of the New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal; it introduces a new post, the Public Advocate, whose duties are to advocate and supervise supporters and representatives, and to provide remedies to vulnerable persons in danger of abuse and exploitation. Supported decision-making should not involve depriving persons of their rights and autonomy. It rather means a system to help and assist persons to live independent lives in accordance with their wills and preferences, exercising freely their rights. In this regard, this paper proposes to reform the current Guardianship Act of South Korea, by making a fundamental change on the delivery system of guardianship services led by the family courts, introducing a separate body to advocate and supervise the supporters, and linking the supported decision-making system with the means to prevent abuse and provide remedies.

성년후견과 신탁 : 새로운 관계설정의 모색

제철웅(Je Cheol Ung) 한국가족법학회 2017 가족법연구 Vol.31 No.2

As a study on legal systems, this article proposes to set up a new legal principle of the relation between adult guardianship and trusts, which is able to explain relevant social and legal phenomena, while it does not intend to explain social phenomena prevalent in the area of adult guardianship and trusts. This kind of studies should be based on research methods of social science and is intended to suggest a new social and legal rule to purposedly change social phenomena. In other words, policies and legislative measures suggested by the study are based on the proper methods of social science. This article premises that Korean government including judiciary, as a ratifying state of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, shall be obliged to improve the adult guardianship system to the direction of supported decision making schemes. Based on such an international obligation, this article suggests that trust schemes should be utilized on the way to the introduction and settlement of supported decision making system. To prove this suggestion, this article argues that adult guardianship system should be transformed to a supported decision making scheme, which UN Committee on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has urged ratifying states to develop on the basis of Article 12 of CRPD. As supported decision making schemes are evolving, some vacancy of property managements of persons with impairments to decision making abilities must take place, which, this article argues, can be filled by trusts. Whereas trusts has traditionally alternated the necessities of adult guardianship, this article argues that trusts should be placed in the center of the property managements of the persons with impairments to decision making disabilities; that, on the contrary, adult guardianship should be resorted to as supplements to trusts. For the purpose of managing property of those persons, this article argues that the purpose of trusts should be to safely and continuously spend their property in accordance with their present and future needs of daily expenditure, care and medical treatments; that civil trusts would be much better positioned to meet such needs rather than commercial trusts run by financial institutions.

정부의 "민법중개정법률안"의 평가: 민법총칙 중 法人法을 중심으로

제철웅(Je Cheol-Ung) 한국재산법학회 2005 재산법연구 Vol.21 No.2

성년후견과 지속적 대리 - 의사결정능력 장애인의 보호에서 인권존중으로 -

제철웅 ( Je Cheolung ) 법조협회 2017 法曹 Vol.66 No.2

행위무능력제도 하에서는 의사결정능력에 장애가 있는 성인의 보호를 위해 이들을 금치산 또는 한정치산자로 선고한 후 후견인에게 이들의 재산을 관리하고, 신상을 보호할 책임과 권한을 부과하였다. 후견인은 재산관리 또는 신상보호 책임의 수행을 위한 수단의 하나로 법정대리권을 보유하였다. 성년후견제도 하에서의 후견인은, 성년후견인을 제외하면, 더 이상 피후견인의 재산관리 또는 신상보호 책임이나 권한을 보유하지 않는다. 후견인은 재산관리와 신상보호에 관하여 피후견인스스로 하여야 하고, 또 할 수 있는 의사결정을 대행하는 권한, 즉 법정대리권만을 보유한다. 성년후견제도 하에서의 후견도 국가권력의 결정에 의해 후견인에게 법정대리권을 부여하는 것을 그 내용으로 하는데, 이는 그 자체가 피후견인의 사적영역에 대한 국가 개입이다. 즉 후견은 법률행위 및 준법률행위에 관한 자기결정권을 침해한다. 따라서 후견의 개시는 기본권 제한의 법리에 충실하게 따라야 한다. 즉 피후견인 개개인의 후견 필요성의 범위와 기간을 초과하는 후견개시는 기본권의 과도한 침해로 위헌의 요소가 있을 것이다. 한편 누구라도 의사무능력 상태가 초래되기 이전에 장차 의사무능력 또는 의사결정능력 장애가 생길 것을 대비하여 그 시점에서 자신을 대리하여 재산관리 및 신상보호 관련 의사표시를 계속적으로 반복하여 대행해 줄 자(지속적 대리인)를 지정할 수 있다. 그렇게 한 경우, 설사의사무능력 상태가 발생했다 하더라도, 지속적 대리권의 범위에서는 후견의 필요성이 없다. 지속적 대리권이 있음에도 불구하고 후견의 필요성이 있다면, 본인의 대리인 감독권한의 보충에 국한될 것이다. 요양과 의료에 관하여 유효한 사전지시서가 작성된 경우에도 그 범위에서는 후견의 필요성이 없다. 이 글은 사적 영역에서의 자기결정권의 존중이 국가의 기본권보호 의무에 더 적합하기 때문에, 국가는 후견을 최후의 수단으로 불가피할 때 제한적으로 개시하여야 한다고 제안한다. 대신 국가는 지속적 대리권과 사전지시서를 쉽게 활용할 수 있도록 필요한 지원으로 등록제도, 감독제도 등을 제공하는 것이 의사결정능력에 장애가 있는 성인에 대한 정당한 편의제공이 될 것이라고 제안한다. 이를 논증하기 위해 이 논문은 후견의 역사적 발전과정, 대리권의 범위의 확장에 대한 이론적 근거를 설명한 후, 후견에 대해서는 최소개입을 해야 하지만, 사전지시서 및 지속적 대리권에 관하여는 적극적 지원이 필요하다는 것을 뒷받침하기 위해 유엔 장애인권리위원회의 의견을 소개한다. Under the legal incapacity regime, an adult guardian, who used to be a family member, was endowed with the responsibility and power to administer properties and protect personal welfare of adults with impairments to decision-making ability as soon as the latter were declared to be in full incapacity(Gm-Chi-San) or in limited incapacity(Han-Jeong-Chi-San). The guardian had the power of representation as a part of property administration and personal custody. Under the adult guardianship system, a guardian has no longer the responsibility and power to administer properties and protect personal welfare of the person under guardianship. The guardian, except the full guardian, is allowed only to represent the person under guardianship in relation to financial affairs and personal welfare. The power of representation is restricted to the juridic acts which would be done by the person under guardianship if he/she had the legal capacity to make decisions. With the commencement of guardianship the state, namely a judge, delegates the power to make decisions on behalf of persons under guardianship to guardians, meaning that guardianship is intervenes the private sphere and violates the rights of persons under guardianship to self-determination in relation to legal acts including the appointment of agents by himself or herself. Therefore, the commencement of guardianship should be in accordance with the principles of lawful restriction of constitutional fundamental rights. It would be against the constitution if guardianship is commenced beyond the necessity and period necessary for the protection of persons under guardianship. On the other hand, any person can endow proper persons with the lasting power of attorney to do legal acts on his and her behalf for the future when he or she might lose the mental capacity to make decisions. Then, that person with the lasting power of attorney would repeatedly and continuously represent the principal in relation to property affairs and personal welfare and medecal treatments which would be necessary for the principal. That case would lack the necessity of guardianship, and if so, it would be necessary for a guardian to exercise the power of principal to supervise the legal acts done by persons with lasting power of attorney. The same thing would happen if the advanced directive to care and medical treatment is effectively drafted. This article suggests that guardianship should be a last resort and commenced in the least restrictive way in the unavoidable case for the protection of persons with impairments to decision-making ability because it is the state obligation to respect their rights to self-determination. Instead, this article suggests that the state should provide for the registration and supervision system of advanced directives and lasting powers of attorney so as to facilitate convenient use of them, which would be regarded as a reasonable accommodation for disabled persons. To support this arguments, this article analyses the historical development of guardianship and the enlargement of the scope of legal representation, and introduces the general comment of UN committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to explain why the least restrictive use of guardianship and positive support to advanced directives and lasting power of attorneys are necessary.

후견법인의 역할과 기능에 관한 입법적 제안

제철웅(Je Cheol Ung),김원태(Kim Won Tae),이용표(Lee Yong Pyo),이세희(Lee Se Hee) 한국가족법학회 2016 가족법연구 Vol.30 No.1

Under the new adult guardianship system, which was introduced by the Adult Guardianship Act 2011 (the Revising Some Part of Civil Code Act), legal person can be appointed as a guardian. This paper deals with the necessities not only of opening to legal persons the possibilities of providing guardianship services including supervisory guardianship services, but also of letting legal persons participate in the operation of the new adult guardianship system. The operation of guardianship system can, by its nature, be subject to family courts and an administration department, whose proper candidates can be ministry of health and welfare and ministry of justice, but which this paper premises is ministry of health and welfare. In this regard, this paper suggests that even though it is necessary for legal persons to be invited to participate in the operation of adult guardianship system, the provision of guardianship services cannot be restricted to legal persons which are invited to participate in the operation of guardianship system. In other words, it in unnecessary to regulate the qualification of legal persons eligible for the provision of guardianship services by special acts. The provision of guardianship services is open to all the legal persons, regardless of whether non-profit organization or for-profit organization. On the other hand, Moreover this paper suggests that the choice and role of legal persons which are invited to participate in the operation of guardianship system be regulated in each social welfare laws relevant to persons with dementia, persons with developmental disabilities and persons with mental illness. For supporting the arguments it suggests, this paper introduces the role models from UK, Germany, Japan, Taiwan and Korean practices.

보호대상아동의 사회적 양육 관련 법제도의 문제점과 개선방안

제철웅(Cheolung Je),장영인(Youngin Jang) 한국가족법학회 2020 가족법연구 Vol.34 No.1

Since the local authority is enumerated in the eligible applicants for minor guardian appointment by the eformed Civil Code(Act no. 10429) in March 2011, another reformed Civil Code(Act no. 10645) included the local authority to the eligible applicants for the nomination of a person with parental responsibility in accordance with Art. 909-2 of the Civil Code in May 2011. Moreover, the other reformed Civil Code(Act no. 12777) extended the eligible applicants for the restriction, suspension and revocation of parental responsibility in accordance with Art. 923 to Art. 927-2 to the local authority. Since then, concern about child welfare issues has been increased among civil lawyers, who have traditionally dealt with disputes within family members. Even though the local authority has the power to apply to family courts on behalf of children for appointment and revocation of minor guardian and restriction, suspension and revocation of parental responsibility, the exercise of that power by the local authority has been rare. As seen in adult guardianship cases, that the local authority will be still reluctant to exercise the power granted by the Civil Code unless the power, responsibility and duties of the local authority is clearly regulated in the social welfare related statutes. In this regard, this paper premises that civil law lawyers and researchers have to focus on interrelationship between civil law and social welfare law and their distinct roles so as for the state including the local authority to discharge its own role as corporate social parents to the effect that the best interest of the child shall be the paramount consideration not only to legal parents, but also corporate social parents. Based on that premise, this paper analyses the interrelationship between civil law, criminal law and social welfare law in relation to the protection of children in need from the perspective of effectivity of the state discharging social parents’ role. This paper argues that child protection related laws are sporadic, inconsistent, and unplanned in that the content and quality of social care can be differentiated according to which law is applied. This paper argues that laws related to children in need should be reshuffled so as for the state including the local authority to effectively discharge its role as corporate social parents so that children-in-need’s emotionally, physically, and mentally healthy development can be guaranteed. In this regard, this paper suggests that the local authority should be a lead to discharge the role as corporate social parents whereas central government, prefectures(over local authority), and family courts support and advise the role of the local authority, meaning that child protection related social welfare laws should lead the whole process, which civil law and criminal law should support.