건강보험료 부과체계 개편 평가 및 향후 과제

정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ),문용필 ( Moon Yongpil ) 한국사회보장학회 2017 사회보장연구 Vol.33 No.3

The study aims to evaluate the changes in the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) contribution system in 2007 and to suggest its future tasks. The existing system had been criticized due to its unfairness and complexity but, those changes seem to correspond to the long-term direction toward income-centred contribution system, minimizing the impact on system changes. This changes may cause the deficit of NHI finance but, its negative impact can be overcome throughout the normalization of state subsidiaries and the fine-tuning of contribution rate. Also, the reduction in the contribution for the regionally-insured with low income may decrease the number of defaulters, helping establish the role of the NHI. Also, the expansion of income scope for the workplace-insured and the changes in stipulations of the dependent will help reduce the free riders in the NHI. However, in the case of the minimum contribution for the regionally-insured which is newly introduced, it seems necessary to evaluate it after its operations. To complete the future income-centred contribution system, the exact income investigation should be established and, in the long term, it should be debated about what the adequate proportion of tax in the NHI finance is.

회귀인가 발전인가? 적용제외 폐지 이후 영국 연금제도 검토

정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ) 한국사회복지정책학회 2018 사회복지정책 Vol.45 No.1

본 연구는 최근 적용제외를 폐지하고 공적연금을 통합하게 된 영국의 제도변화를 고찰하고, 현재 연금체제가 과거 회귀인지 아닌지를 검토한다. 적절성 측면에서 영국의 연금제도는 외형상으로는 시행착오 끝에 적용제외 도입 이전과 유사하게 불충분한 공적연금과 사적연금을 구성되는 연금체제로 회귀한 것처럼 보이지만, 소득대체율 이외의 요소들의 개선을 통해 공적연금을 강화시켜 빈곤율은 개선되었다는 점에서 최근 변화를 퇴보로 볼 수는 없으나 현 시점에서 발전이라고 단정할 수도 없다. 지속 가능성 측면에서 영국은 다른 국가들보다 연금재정이 건전하며 이러한 재정상황은 공적연금 강화에 바탕이 되었으며, 현대성 측면에서 여성이나 자영자에 대한 보장을 강화하고 사적연금에 대한 규제를 보다 확대하였다. 영국의 경험은 거시적으로는 연금개혁이 재정개선 뿐만이 아니라 재정과 노후소득 보장과의 조화방안임을 보여주는 것으로, 적절성 개선이 소득대체율 상승 이외에 다른 요소들의 강화로도 가능하다는 것을 보여준다는 점에서 우리나라 연금제도에 시사점을 제공한다. The study aims to examine the unique UK pension reform, investigating whether the current UK pension system which becomes similar to the previous system prior to the introduction of the contracting-out system in the outward form is an recurrence of the previous system. In the adequacy perspective, the UK pension reforms have returned into the system which consists of insufficient public and voluntary private pension but, with the changes in other elements, the poverty for the old has improved, which means that the UK pension reform is not a return to the previous system. In the sustainability perspective, the pension privatisation in the UK had improved pension finance, which made it possible to increase the expenditure of public pension under the risks of old age income crisis. In the modernization perspective, the UK pension reforms have improved the protections for the sake of the class such as women and the self-employed who has lots of old age income risks because of the socio-economic changes. The experiences of the UK show that pension reform should be a sort of harmony between financial improvement and old age income security and, in addition, that pension system should be matched with socio-economic changes.

퇴직연금 지급방식 개선에 관한 연구

정창률(Chang Lyul Jung) 한국사회정책학회 2021 한국사회정책 Vol.28 No.4

이 연구는 퇴직연금 급여 지급방식의 개선방안을 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국 퇴직연금은 다층노후 소득보장의 중요한 한 축으로서 금융시장 활성화 수단에 머무르지 않고 국민연금을 보완하는 실질적인 노후소득보장 기능을 수행할 필요가 있는데, 이를 위한 전제조건으로서 퇴직연금 지급방식이 개선될 필요가 있다. 종신연금 방식이 존재하지 않고 중도인출이나 해지를 통한 퇴직연금 자산의 소진이 광범위하게 허용되는 현재의 퇴직연금은 장수라는 사회적 위험에 대비해야 하는 제도 취지에 맞지 않으며, 퇴직연금 지급방식은 원칙적으로 종신연금 방식으로 이루어져야 한다. 다만, 퇴직연금이 가지는 성격을 고려할 때 급박한 지출요인이 있는 경우 중도인출이나 일시금 지급을 제한적으로 허용할 수 있을 것이다. 우리나라의 경우는 높은 의료비 지출이 그에 해당된다고 볼 수 있는데, 건강보험 본인부담금 비중이 낮추어질 때까지 퇴직연금의 일시금 혹은 중도인출은 유지될 필요가 있다. 주택구입을 위한 용도로의 퇴직연금 자산의 활용은 사적금융이 제한적인 상황에서는 유용한 방안이었으나, 사적 금융으로의 접근이 용이해진 최근의 상황에서는 그보다는 종신연금을 통한 노후소득보장 방안이 필요하다는 점에서, 주택구입을 위한 퇴직연금 자산의 활용은 점진적으로 제한되어야 할 것이다. This study aims to examine ways to improve benefit payment method in the Korean occupational pension. The Korean occupational pension is an important pillar in the multi-pillar old age income security, and it should not be just a means to revitalize financial market but perform a practical retirement income security function to supplement the National Pension Scheme. The current occupational pension, which does not permit annuity and is widely allowed to exhaust occupational pension assets through early withdrawal or termination, does not fit the purpose of the system to prepare for the social risk of longevity, and in principle, the occupational pension payment method should be done in annuity. However, considering the nature of the occupational pension, if there are urgent expenditure factors, early withdrawal or lump sum payment may be maintained under certain cases. In a situation where the burden of medical expenses is high, lump sum payments or early withdrawals need to be allowed. The use of occupational pension assets for home purchases was useful in limited private finance, but in recent situations where access to private finance has become easier, early withdrawal for home purchases should be gradually restricted.

연금 체제(Pension regime) 측면에서 본 한국 노후 소득보장 체계

정창률(Jung Chang-Lyul) 한국사회복지학회 2010 한국사회복지학 Vol.62 No.2

복지국가 유형화에 이어서, 복지국가의 개별 제도에 대한 유형화 역시 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔으며, 가장 크고 중요한 제도인 연금 제도에서는 과거의 연금 설계 철학에 따라 베버리지형과 비스마르크형으로 구분되어 왔다. 선진국의 연금 개혁은 그들의 유형 내에서의 변화였던 반면 한국의 연금 개혁은 과거 사회보험형에서 ‘약한 비스마르크형’으로 외형이 변한 것으로 보인다. 그러나, 한국의 연금체제의 미성숙을 고려한다면 아직 어떤 유형에 속한다고 단정하기는 어렵고, 개혁이후의 한국 연금 체제를 다층체계로 분류할 수도 있다. 지난 수십 년간 서구의 연금 개혁은 두 유형의 수렴경향이었으며, 최근에는 사적연금에 대한 규제의 정도에 따른 유형화가 연구되고 있다. 한국의 연금 체제에서도 앞으로는 국민연금은 물론 (아직 미성숙한) 퇴직연금이 어떻게 규제되고 감독되는지가 보다 중요해 질 것으로 보이며, 한국 정부의 보다 적극적인 역할이 요구되는 시점이다. Following the welfare state typology well known, the typology in terms of individual system in welfare state has been widely examined and, pension which is the biggest and most important in welfare state has been classified into Beveridge and Bismarckian types based on their pension system design. Such typology focused on benefit type or size of private pension has been recently refined to add a new type - 'Bismarckian Lite' type - in addition to traditional Beveridge and Bismarckian types. Whereas the pension reforms in the developed countries has been changes within their pension regimes, the Korean pension reform in 2007 seems to have changed the existing social insurance type into the 'Bismarckian Lite' type. However, considering the immaturity of Korean pension regime, it is difficult to conclude the existing status of the Korean pension regime and, the Korean one can be classified into a multi-pillar one. Over the last decades the developed countries have increased the size of private pension regardless of their original pension regimes, which tends to converge into multi-pillar schemes. Accordingly, there is recently a new typology focused on the degree of regulation in terms of private pensions, which seems to be the better perspective. It will be more important how to regulate the (immature) occupational pension as well as the National Pension in Korea. Considering that old age income security in countries where the public regulation regarding private pension was absent has been deteriorated, it would be necessary to strengthen the role of government to effectively regulate private pension.

퇴직연금제도의 자동등록 방식 적용가능성 연구

정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ) 한국연금학회 2016 연금연구 Vol.6 No.2

본 연구는 최근 선진국에서 사적연금 가입자 확대를 위한 새로운 대안으로 등장하고 있는 자동등록 방식이 한국 현실에서 적용할 수 있는 제도인지를 검토한다. 자동등록 방식은 일반적으로 사람들은 자발적으로 사적연금에 가입하려고 하지도 않지만 한번 가입하면 능동적으로 탈퇴하려고 하지도 않는다는 특성에 기초한 새로운 방식으로 최근 10여 년 간 영국, 이탈리아, 뉴질랜드 등에서 도입하였다. 이들 국가들의 경험을 분석해보면, 이 방식의 도입이 사적연금 가입확대로 직결되지는 않으며, 유인 설정이나 각 국의 제도적 유산에 따라 효과가 달라진다는 것을 보여준다. 우리나라 퇴직연금의 경우는, 자동등록과 유사한 방식을 다른 제도에 적용하였으나 성공적이지 못하였으며, 퇴직금 제도가 존재하는 특별한 상황은 이탈리아의 경험처럼 이러한 방식이 한국에 효과적이지 않을 가능성을 보여준다. 또한, 자동등록 방식은 가입률 증가로 이어질 수는 있으나 노후소득 강화로 이어진다는 보장이 없는 상태에서 우리 실정에는 맞는 대안인지에 대해서는 추가적인 검토가 필요하다. The study examines whether the automatic enrolment can be an alternative for the Korean occupational pension scheme which has focused on the expansion of coverage. The automatic enrolment is originated from the assumptions that people tend not to join the pension voluntarily but that, on converse, they did not actively withdraw pension once covered. The new way has recently been introduced in many countries such as the UK, Italy and New Zealand. The experiences of these countries show that its introduction does not guarantee the expansion of private pension coverage and that the incentives and institutional legacy are important to increase coverage. The specific circumstances in Korea show that its introduction in Korea is unlikely to be effective just like the case of Italy. Also, its introduction may lead to the expansion of coverage but, the expansion of coverage under the automatic enrolment is unlikely to guarantee the increase in old age income security function.

연금소득자 건강보험 부과체계 개선방안

정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ) 한국사회보장학회 2023 사회보장연구 Vol.39 No.2

This article aims to review the problems of the levy system for pensioners in the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) and to provide implications. In countries that establish the health care based on social insurance, it is common to levy health insurance contributions with earned income for employees and pension income for pensioners. However, similar to Japan, pensioners in Korea is applied to the dependent or self-employed system in the NHI. With the recent reorganization of the levy system, contributions on pension income has increased, which is reasonable for the direction of the income-centered levy system. However, there are still various problems such as levying contribution on even a small amount of pension income. In order to improve this it is necessary to establish whether the levy system for pensioners will go toward pension income like Western countries or provide deductions for low-pension recipients like Japan, and then come up with detailed problems.

퇴직연금의 발전 방향 검토: 독립적 발전이냐 국민연금으로의 전환이냐?

정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ) 한국사회보장학회 2020 사회보장연구 Vol.36 No.3

The occupational pension in Korea has been excluded in main topics in the Korean pension reform debates. The paper examines whether the Korean occupational pension should be developed into an independent second-pillar old age income security system or whether it should be replaced by the National Pension Scheme(NPS). The occupational pension, which is regarded as being at antipode with public pension, can be designed variously, being able to be functionally similar to public income-related pension. Also, it shows that the transformation from occupational pension to the NPS could cause considerable side effects. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the Korean occupational pension should be developed into in an independent second-pillar system under the multi-pillar system rather than replacing by the NPS. For the occupational pension to implement public ends, it is necessary to strengthen regulations in the occupational pension.

NDC 방식의 한국 적용 타당성에 대한 비판적 고찰

정창률 ( Chang Lyul Jung ) 한국사회보장학회 2007 사회보장연구 Vol.23 No.2

한국 건강보험 보험료 부담의 형평성에 대한 연구

정창률 ( Chang Lyul Jung ),권혁창 ( Hyeok Chang Kwon ),남재욱 ( Jae Wook Nahm ) 한국사회보장학회 2014 사회보장연구 Vol.30 No.2

This study aims to examine the equity of current contribution system of Korea`s National Health Insurance(NHI) between the workplace-insured(WI) and the regionally-insured(RI). So, it compared members` incomes and properties in various equal-contribution sections. The analysis was carried out twice, firstly with contribution sections based on only insurants` contributions (5 sections) and secondly with contribution sections based on total contributions including employers` contributions (4 sections). The results are as follows: In the first analysis, the WI have higher incomes than the RI in all 5 sections and the gaps were closer in the higher contribution sections proportionally. The WI also have more properties in 4 sections except the highest one, and the gaps are closer in higher contribution sections, too. In the second analysis, the WI have more incomes in all 4 sections, whereas they own more properties only in two lower contribution sections. However, most of the RI belong to those lower sections, thus it can be still said that the RI has less properties than the WI. Accordingly, the current contribution system between the WI and RI is unfair, so it is necessary to improve it. However, considering the variations of gaps in different contribution levels, the focus should be the lower contribution insured, first.

상병수당과 국민연금 장애연금의 관계 설정에 대한 연구

정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ) 한국사회보장학회 2023 사회보장연구 Vol.39 No.4

With the introduction of the Sickness Benefit (SB) being planned, this study aims to deal with the establishment of the relationship between the SB and the Disability Pension (DP) in the National Pension Scheme (NPS). The two systems require consistency in that they are guaranteed from income loss due to the same or similar social risks, but that is not the case in practice. The main problems are as follows. First, in terms of continuity of security, the payment duration for the SB and the base date for determining disability in the DP should be the same and, if the payment duration for the SB is introduced as discussed now, long-term patients may be suspended from the public income security system after the payment duration of the SB has arrived. Second, in terms of benefit level, the DP in the NPS is too low, and in the case of long-term patients, if it is changed from the SB to the DP in the NPS, there is a concern about an excessive drop in benefit. In the design of the SB, it is necessary to improve the SB or the NPS in consideration of these issues.