해방전 이북지역 개신교 주요인물 및 종교지형 연구: 주요인물의 상호관련성 및 ‘기독교 민족주의’ 사상 공유를 중점으로

정교진 ( Kyo Jin Jung ),임호정 ( Ho Jung Lim ) 기독교학문연구회 2022 신앙과 학문 Vol.27 No.1

It was none other than Protestantism that became the medium of progress against Neo-Confucianism in the northern region after the enlightenment period. The leaders of the major forces in the northern region specifically addressed in this study, such as Ahn Chang-ho, Cho Man-sik, Han Kyung-Chik, Kim Kyo-shin, and Kim Chai-joon, can be referred to as Korean Protestant nationalists. In some respects, “Christian nationalism” can be said to be the common denominator of these Protestant leaders. This ideology has a strong antagonistic character to 'exclusive nationalism' based on Neo-Confucianism. Of course, early nationalists like Ahn Chang-ho were under the inf luence of Neo- Confucianism. However, as they came into contact with Christianity, they grafted nationalism into the Christian faith and advocated “Christian nationalism.” It is a fact that the “Christian nationalism” established by early Christian nationalists under the influence of conservative theology also had some influence on the Protestant leaders who pursued liberal theology. It appeared as a movement to establish a national identity and capacity-building movement. However, the religious landscape in which they stood was clearly different, and due to this influence, conservatism and liberalism are still on the opposite side until today in Korean Protestantism. Nevertheless, both early Protestant leaders dreamed the same dream which is self-reconstruction and society-reconstruction, further national-reconstruction, and nation-reconstruction through Personality discipline and capacity-building based on the spirit of 'Christian nationalism' and in a larger category 'nationalism'.

남북한 종교교류 활성화의 당위성 연구

정교진(Jung, Kyo Jin) 북한학회 2011 북한학보 Vol.36 No.2

한국 전쟁 이후 북한에서 김일성 1인 독제 체제가 수립되는 1960년대 중반에 북한 정권은 북한 종교기관들의 활동을 전면 중단 시키고 강력하게 종교 제거 정책을 시행했다. 이때는 북한 종교의 ‘암흑기’였다. 1970년대 들어서면서 주변 국가들의 냉전체제가 화해의 방향으로 전환되면서 한반도의 정치적인 역학관계에도 변화가 모색되었다. 남북은 비밀접촉을 통해 1972년 7월에 「7ㆍ4 남북 공동성명」을 발표하게 된다. 이 ‘중대 전환점’을 기점으로 북한 정권은 북한 종교 기관들의 활동을 재개시켰는데 목적은 ‘통일전선’으로 활용하기 위해서였다. 이때부터 북한 종교 안에 사회주의 종교 규범이 강하게 나타나기 시작했다. 북한 정권이 북한 종교를 정치적 목적으로 활용했지만 점차적으로 북한 종교들이 종교적 차원의 교류도 하게 된다. 1980년대 말 이후 소련 및 동구 사회주의 국가들이 개혁·개방의 변화를 적극 모색하는 과정에서 사회주의 체제의 급격한 변화와 붕괴 현상이 일어났고 1988년에 남한에서는 ‘88 서울 국제올림픽’이 개최 되었다. 충격을 받은 북한 정권은 서울 올림픽을 견제하기 위해 1989년에 평양에서의 ‘제13차 세계청년학생축전’ 개최를 계획하고 준비하면서 종교부문에서도 각 종교들의 외형건물을 세웠는데 이 무렵부터 북한 종교안에 종교 본연의 규범이 표출되기 시작했다. 1992년도에는 그 종교적 기능이 가장 정점에 이르렀다. 2008년 2월에 이명박 정부가 출범, ‘실용주의’ 대북정책을 추진하면서 남북관계가 경색국면에 놓였지만 남북한 종교교류는 계속 추진되었다. 그러나 2009년 하반기부터 김정은에 대한 우상화가 진행되었고 2010년 3월 ‘천안함 폭침’과 9월에 김정은의 후계자 공식화, 11월에 ‘연평도 포격’등으로 남북관계가 급격히 얼어붙으면서 대북지원 및 종교 교류도 잠정 중단된 상태이다. 작금의 종교 교류 정체 상황을 어떻게 평가해야 하는가? 향후, 남북한의 종교 교류는 어떤 방향으로 흘러가야 되는가? 본 연구는 남북한의 종교교류 문제를 북한 종교의 제도적 변화와 연관시켜 그 답을 찾고자 했다. 그래서 북한 종교제도의 구성과 북한의 종교 정책에 의한 제도의 변화를 신제도주의 이론으로 접근하여 북한 종교 안에 제도적 변화와 남북한 종교교류의 상관관계를 분석하여 향후 남북한 종교교류의 방향을 제시했다. In the 1960s the dictatorship of Kim Il Sung North Korea to stop the activities of religious organizations and religious institutions were closed. this time was the dark ages of North Korea religion. At the turn of the 1970s, around the country come back to the Cold War system is put in the direction of the North and South Korea’s political landscape has also changed. North and South Korea in 1972, the “7.4 North-South Joint Declaration” will be released. With this ‘critical juncture’ in North Korea regime has resumed the activities of religious organizations. The objective was to utilize the united front. Since then, North Korea religion is displayed in a strongly socialist religion norms. The regime, North Korea has tried to use religion for political purposes. But gradually the South and North religions have religious exchanges. Since the late 1980s, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe socialist countries of reform and openness in the process of actively seeking to change the socialist system and the collapse of the sudden change phenomenon occurred. And in 1988, ’88 Seoul Olympics in South Korea was held. The regime had a big impact. So in order to check the Seoul Olympics in 1989, “the 13th World Youth and Students Festival” held in Pyongyang tried. In preparation for this conference has set the building looks religions. At this time, in religion, religious norms began to appear natural. In 1992, the religious function came to a head. Lee Myung-bak government launched in February 2008, ‘pragmatic’ policy toward North Korea while promoting North-South relations were bad. However, the two Koreas did not stop religious exchanges. However, in the second half of 2009 cult task for eun, March 2010 ‘Cheonan pokchim’ and Kim Jung Eun’s successor, formulated in September, November ‘Yeonpyeongdo artillery’ had. So the relationship between the two Koreas rapidly froze. And support for North Korea and religious exchanges are hung. Today’s stop religious exchanges How should the situation? In the future, the religion of the two Koreas exchange flows in what direction to go with that? This paper dealt with the problem of the two Koreas religious exchanges. And the problems associated with institutional change in North Korea. So, ‘new-institutionalism’ aspect of it was analyzed. And the future direction of exchange of the two Koreas were presented.

북한 독재정권의 정치적 상징조작 유형연구 - 김일성, 김정일, 김정은 시기 비교 및 평가를 중점으로 -

정교진(Jung, Kyo Jin) 북한학회 2015 북한학보 Vol.40 No.2

고대에서부터 현대에 이르기까지, 독재 권력이든 민주 권력이든 지배자는 피지배자들의 심리를 조작하는 정치 기술, 즉 ‘정치적 상징 조작’(political symbol manipulation)의 지배방법을 흔히 사용해 왔다. 이를 통해 지배자들은 피지배자들의 철저한 복종을 이끌어 내고 정치권력의 정당성을 확보하였다. 이 상징 조작을 미국의 정치학자 찰스 메리암은 이론으로 제시, 미란다(miranda, 동일시의 상징) 와 크레덴다(credenda, 합리화의 상징)유형으로 지배 권력 유지 모형을 분류했다. 본 논문은 메리암의 이론을 재해석, 김일성-김정일 -김정은 시기 정치적 상징조작을 비교 분석하여 북한의 김정은 우상화 실태를 파악하고자 했다. 북한의 김일성은 권력을 장악한 후, 정치적 상징조작을 강도 높게 활용하여 ‘일인독재체제’를 구축했고 더 나아가 개인 우상화로 신의 위치까지 도달했다, 권력을 승계하고 유훈통치를 표방한 김정일도이 상징조작을 이용, 정치적·종교적 카리스마를 십분 발휘했다. 현, 김정은 정권도 이 정치적 상징조작들을 통해 후계 승계의 정당성 확보 및 권력을 장악하려고 하고 있다. 그러나, 김정은 정권하에 이상징조작들이 제대로 작동되지 않는 것으로 보인다. 특히, 미란다 (miranda) 유형의 상징조작인 김정은의 우상화는 김일성-김정일 시기에 비해 상당히 미비할 뿐만 아니라 그에 따른 부작용도 속출하고 있다. From ancient to modern, Political leader have used to ‘symbol manipulation’ for keep up the Powers. In this way, They were led to the voluntary subjection of the people and acquired legitimacy of its political power. US political scientist Charles e. Merriam applied in the ‘symbol manipulation’ in the political field. He had classified it two models as miranda and credenda. These are conflicting with each other concepts.‘Miranda’ is method of emotional, unsystematic approach. ‘Credenda’ is method of rational, institutional approach. This paper was reinterpreted his theory. So I try to compare symbol manipulation of Kim Jong-un age with Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il age. After seized power, Kim Il-sung was utilized symbol manipulation strongly. So He built ‘Personal dictatorship’ as political and religious system. Further He was reached the position of god by the private idolization(apotheosis). Since succession, as same method, Kim Jong Il was enjoyed political·religious charisma. but his divinity was more below than divine location of Kim Il-sung. Currently Kim Jong-un regime is trying to seize the power and secure the legitimacy of the succession through the political symbol manipulation. But this symbol manipulation is not working well, especially, his idolization work is lack than his grandfather or his father. As well as It faces the side effects now.

북한 최고통치자의 상징, ‘태양’의 성격에 관한 연구

정교진(Kyo-Jin Jung),유호열(Ho-Yeol Yoo) 한국종교학회 2017 宗敎硏究 Vol.77 No.1

The Sun generally contains both religious and political meanings and has been used as a representative symbol of the nations supreme ruler. In North Korea, Kim Il Sung is called The Sun. At the same time, Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un is called The Sun. How is this possible? If so, what does the symbol of The Sun mean? Is it just political? or does it also imply religious meaning? From this question, this study started. To get an answer, this study comprehensively analyzed ‘The Sun, a symbol of North Korea s top leaders, based on the concept of image symbolization As a result, Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un all reached the image symbolization of The Sun. Kim Il Sung gained the symbology as The Sun of Juche in 1974 and Kim Jong Il as The Sun of the Songun in 2003, and Kim Jong Un as The Sun of the world in 2014. Surprisingly, these periods are the same as when the two rulers systemized their ideologys. In 1974, the Juche ideology was systemized. so the Suroung system was consolidated. In 2003, the military first politics was systemized into the Songun ideology. In the case of Kim Jong Un, In 2014, Kim Jong Uns leadership was secured in the year after Jang Sung Taek was executed. The character of the symbology of these three rulers is somewhat different. While Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il have religious meaning as well as political meaning, Kim Jong Un has not yet been given religious meaning. Why can not still given Kim Jong Un to religious meaning? It seems to be the main cause of the Yuhun Ruling, a North Korean political system. Of course, Kim Jong Un was greatly benefited to the succession of power because of Yuhun Ruling. However, Conversely, the attribute of the Yuhun Ruling has become a barrier that makes Kim Jong Un unable to surpass the leadership authority of Kim Il Sung-Kim Jong Il. This is the dilemma of Kim Jong Uns regime.

북한의 김일성-김정일 우상화 전략 및 특성 비교 연구

정교진(Jung, Kyo Jin) 건국대학교 인문학연구원 2016 통일인문학 Vol.68 No.-

본 연구는 북한의 김일성, 김정일 우상화 전략 및 그 특성을 비교 연구하였다. 북한은 김일성, 김정일 시기에 상징정치, 특히 ‘지도자상징정치’를 강도 높게 시행했다. 그로인해, 김일성, 김정일 부자는 권력을 독점하고 향유하다가 김정은으로 이어지는 3대 세습을 성공시켰다. 현재, 북한 김정은 정권도 ‘지도자상징정치’가 강도 높게 작동되고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그렇다면 김일성, 김정일 시기와 비교해서 그 정도(강도)는 과연 어떨까? 북한의 유훈통치 속성상 일반적으로 김일성 시기를 가장 높게, 다음은 김정일, 그 다음은 김정은 시기 순으로 평가하기가 쉽다. 과연 그럴까? 이 질문으로부터 본 연구는 출발했다. 북한의 지도자상징정치는 지도자 우상화와 직결된다. 따라서 연구방식은 북한의 김일성-김정일 우상화 전략 및 그 특성을 비교 검토하는 것이다. 특히, 김일성-김정일 우상화에 있어 ‘신화적 사고’ 방법으로 접근했는지를 집중적으로 파악하고자 했다. 다시 말해, 김일성-김정일을 신출귀몰한 초능력 · 초인간적인 인물로 묘사했는지 그 여부를 검토하는 것이다. 연구자료는 『김일성원수님 어린시절』(1968), 『친애하는 지도자 김정일선생님 어린시절』(1975)과 인민학교 국어교과서(1960년대~1990년대), 그리고 『김일성 전설집』(1987), 『김정일 전설집』(1996)을 주자료로 사용하였다. 결론부분에서 김정은 우상화와도 단순비교를 해보면서 김정은 우상화의 강도 및 김정은 정권의 지도자상징정치 현주소를 나름대로 제시했다. The Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong-Il regime had made extensive use of leader political symbology. Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong-Il were able to enjoy a monopoly of power and were able to transfer power to Kim Jong-Un. Currently, the Kim Jong-Un regime in North Korea seems to have successfully strengthened its system of political ruler symbolism. How strong is Kim Jong-Un’s system of political ruler symbology compared to him predecessors? Considering the dying injunctions of the North Korean leaders, we can assume that Kim Il Sung’s was the strongest; followed by Kim Jong-Il and then Kim Jong-Un. Could this be correct? This study begins from this inquiry. Political ruler symbology of the North is closely related to the idolization of its leaders. Therefore, the research method is to compare North Korea’s Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong-Il’s idolization strategy and its characteristics. In particular, this research focused on whether mythological thinking was employed in the idololization of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong-Il. In other words, this study will prove that Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong-Il were depicted as supernatural or superhuman figures. As for primary materials, I will refer to the following works: “Kim Il Sung’s childhood,” “Kim Jong Il’s childhood,” “the People’s school language textbook (1960 ~ 1990),” “Kim Il Sung, a legendary house” and “Kim Jong-Il, a legendary house”.

북한 최고지도자의 이미지, `어버이` 성격 분석연구 : `이미지의 상징화` 개념적용 및 `메타포-상징적 이미지`유형 평가

정교진 ( Jung Kyo Jin ) 북한연구학회 2017 北韓硏究學會報 Vol.21 No.1

North Korea`s Ruler, Kim Jong Un seems to have secured solid leadership after the execution of Jang Sung Taek on December 12, 2013. as ruler`s image, symbolic aspect. First, on January 9, 2014, Kim Jong Un`s birthday (1.8) was announced for the first time through North Korea`s Central News Agency. Secondly, after the execution of Jang Sung Taek, a lot of Kim Jong Eun hymns came out. Third, the image of leader Kim Jong Un, `Sun` and `Father` reached the symbolism of leader. Fourth, Kim Jong Un `s leader` s image, `SURYOUNG` was created.When Kim Jong Il dies and When Kim Jong Un succeeds his power, the representative image of the leader given to him is `Father`. And that image has reached one symbolize from 2014. In other words, in the political documents and party documents of the North since 2014, Kim Jong Un is officially called “Father”. it means which it has been used in the entire North Korean society. In the early thirties, Kim Jong Un was called “Father” in North Korea. Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong Il also had a image as `Father` leader image when they took power. However, the character of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il`s image is somewhat different. and Kim Jong Un`s image is closer to Kim Il Sung than Kim Jong Il. When Kim Jong Un first appeared on the official stage, He appeared as in the form of young Kim Il Sung. Because He want to get the image of Kim Il Sung`s incarnation. Likewise his Fathers` image also follows Kim Il Sung`s image rather than Kim Jong Il. But how will this be absorbent to the North Korean people? The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of the images of Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un by applying `metaphor- symbolic image` which is one of the types of images.

북한 주체사상의 기독교적 신앙체계에 관한 연구: 율법 - 복음의 관계와 주체사상체계 변화의 등가성 및 선교 공략점 제시

정교진 ( Jung Kyo Jin ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2017 복음과 선교 Vol.38 No.-

The Christian system of belief is the law and the gospel. The law was given to the people of Israel through Moses, and the gospel was given to mankind through Jesus Christ (John 1:17). The law is to minister to the LORD God, who delivered the children of Israel out of Egypt and crossed the Red Sea (Exodus 20: 2-3). The gospel was completed only by the words of Jesus, who came to this earth with the glory of the Only Begotten of God (Matt. 5:17). And that the host of the salvation (the way to the Father) is Jesus Christ Himself (John 14: 6). If we examine North Korea`s Juche idea closely, we can dis-cover the relationship between Christian law and the gospel. In other words, the `Juche Ideology`, which was proclaimed in 1967 when the Kim Il Sung dictatorship was established is like law. the `Suryong System`(Kim Ilsungism) that proposed in 1974 when Kim Jong Il was officially appointed as the successor is like gospel. In addition, `Kim Ilsungism - Kim jongIlism`, which Kim Jong Un proclaimed in 2012, can be regarded as the character of the `Gospel`. In the North Korean data, the term `Monolithic Ideal Logical System of the Party` is more used than the term `Juche Ideology`. This is linked to Kim Il Sung`s revolutionary ideology, and the ideology of revolution is based on Kim Il Sung`s anti-Japanese revolutionary activities. In other words, This infuses as follows. Kim Il Sung saved Joseon from Japanese colonial rule. so, He is like a `sun` that shines light in darkness. Therefore, North Korean peoples should be serve Kim Il Sung and follow Kim Il Sung. So, there are 10 principles to keep the Juche idea, which lists the code of conduct that says Kim Il Sung must be unconditionally believed. The first principle is “to struggle for the sake of unifying the whole society with the revolutionary ideology of the great leader Kim Il Sung”. The revolutionary ideology is like the Only ideology, the Juche idea. In 1974, Kim Jong Il systematized the Juche idea as `Kim Ilsungism`. This then, It was seperated `Kim Il Sung Unique Ideology` and `Kim Jong Il Unique Leadership System`. The `Kim Jong Il Unique Leadership System` has the same gospel charac-ter of Jesus Christ. Kim Jong Il explained about `the unique leadership system`. everything focused on me is like doing for the Suryoung. This is like words of Jesus Christ as follows. “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.”(John 14: 6) as such, Kim Jong Il claims that he is the only interpreter, successor, and finisher of Juche idea Under the current regime of Kim Jong Un, `Kim Ilsungism - Kim Jongilism` is the national guiding ideology. This ideology is represented as `Kim Jong Il patriotism`. And it is only Kim Jong Un that interprets, complements and completes this ideology. Aside Kim Jung Un, everyone is traitors, opponents, and heretics. Thus, It shows the Juche idea system imitates a Christian belief system that accept `Jehovah God` as the host of the law, and `Jesus Christ,` as the host of the gospel. but there is a great contradiction between these two(Juche system-gospel) The motto of the Christian gospel is `love` (John 15:12) and `serving`(Matthew 20:28, Matthew 23: 11-12). Contrary Juche system is only concentrate for `domination` and `reign`. At present, Kim Jong Un is engrossed in his propaganda of idolization along with the repressive terrorism. However, it is producing the side effects. In other words, the `mythical thinking` of North Korean people about Kim Jong Un, `god`s phenomenon` is getting thin-ner. This is attack point of North Korean missions. By continu-ing to open the eyes of the North Korean people to the outside world. so they make them free from the mythical thought on the leader (Kim Jung Un). The method can be approached in two major ways. One of the representative aspects of the mission is the broadcasting to North Korea and the sending of flyers to North Korea. The other is an approach of exchange and cooperation. Overall exchange and cooperation, including inter-Korean religious exchanges, including the restart of the Gaeseong Industrial Complex and the resumption of tourism on Mount Kumgang, will ultimately work as a way to change North Korea.