고려의 청자향로

전승창 The Korea Foundation 2005 Koreana (Korean) Vol.19 No.4

한국 도자기의 특징

전승창 The Korea Foundation 2005 Koreana (Korean) Vol.19 No.2

조선초기 명나라 청화백자의 유입과 수용 고찰

전승창 한국미술사학회 2009 美術史學硏究 Vol.264 No.264

Joseon white porcelains cannot be correctly understood without examining their relationship with Chinese ceramics. This is especially the case with the ceramics production from Joseon’s royal kilns. Blue and white porcelains from Jingdezhen, for example, had a considerable influence on Joseon’s government ceramics industry. As a matter of fact, Jingdezhen ceramics were found in royal kilns in Gwangju, and their stylistic characteristics are echoed by many surviving Joseon porcelains, reminiscent of the latter both in terms of the overall shape and surface decoration. The relationship between government kiln-produced white porcelains of Joseon and Chinese ceramics, whilst it has received some attention from researchers, is far from being sufficiently explored. Many of the previous studies are simple comparisons of the two traditions, concerning their names and visual aspects, which are backed up neither by adequate documentary research nor by artifact-based research. Although these works contributed to the stock of literature on the subject and helped awaken interest in it, they leave much to be desired in terms of thoroughness and depth of documentary and artifact-based research, and just as importantly, fall short of providing meaningful explanations on some of the more complex phenomena, arising from this stylistic kinship between the two traditions. Hence, a comprehensive examination of the interaction between the two ceramics traditions is yet to be undertaken, starting from very basic questions, such as how Chinese blue and white porcelains of the Ming Dynasty reached Joseon and how they were assimilated by Joseon’s royal kilns. This paper is an inquiry into the historical circumstances surrounding the import of Ming-dynasty blue and white porcelains in the early Joseon period, and early manifestations of their influence on local ceramics production. The import of blue and white porcelains from Chinese kilns of Jingdezhen took place mainly over a period of little more than three decades, between 1418 and 1452, corresponding to the reigns of Sejong and Munjong. There is no official record reporting related occurrences in the late 15th century or the 16th century. It is important to keep this timeline in mind when comparing the two traditions for stylistic influence and affinities. Joseon blue and white porcelains produced during the early years following the establishment of royal kilns appear to have been modeled on Chinese ceramics dating mostly from the Xuande era (1426-1435), brought into the country during the reigns of Sejong and Munjong. However, surface designs, similar to Xuande-era blue and white porcelains, are widely observed also among Joseon porcelains produced during the 16th century. One likely explanation of the persistent recurrence of these designs is that pottery painters of the Joseon royal kilns continued to use design sheets from preceding periods. By the 16th century, royal-kiln porcelains of Joseon developed their own distinct characteristics. There was a significant departure from their Chinese counterparts, both in terms of decorative motifs and overall shape, and popular Joseon paintings were frequently transferred for surface decoration. 조선시대 관요백자의 특징을 언급할 때 빼놓을 수 없는 것 중에 하나가 중국자기와의 관계이다. 중 국 경덕진 청화백자는 관요백자에 적지 않은 영향을 미쳤다. 실제로 광주 가마터 발굴에서 경덕진 백자가 출토되었으며, 전세유물의 장식, 형태 등에서도 중국자기와 유사한 특징을 보이는 작품들이 다수 확인되었다. 관요백자와 중국자기 사이의 관계는 일부 연구자의 관심을 끌어 왔다. 그러나 문 헌기록의 정리와 유물의 분석을 전제로 하기보다는 명칭이나 특정한 사항에 대한 언급, 유사점에 대한 단편적인 비교와 서술이 대부분이다. 그 결과 일부 자료의 축적과 관심의 증대를 가져오기도 했지만, 자료 및 유물의 검토와 다양한 현상에 대한 해석의 필요성은 더욱 요구되고 있다. 따라서 관요백자에 대한 이해와 연구를 위해 명대 청화백자의 유입과 수용의 문제를 살펴보는 것은 반드시 필요한 선행 작업이 되었다. 본 논문은 조선 초기 명나라 (청화)백자의 유입상황과 관요백자에 보이는 수용과정의 문제점 을 고찰한 것이다. 중국 경덕진 관요의 청화백자 조선 유입은 세종과 문종의 재위기간인 1418-1452 년 사이에만 집중될 뿐 이후 15세기 후반에서 16세기 사이에는 공식적인 유입기록이 거의 나타나지 않는다. 이러한 역사적 상황으로 볼 때, 관요운영 초기에 제작된 청화백자 중에 중국자기와 유사한 특징을 가진 유물의 다수는 세종과 문종대에 유입되었던 중국 선덕 연간(1426-1435) 전후의 백자 를 모본으로 만들어졌을 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 16세기 관요의 청화백자에서도 선덕연간의 장식 과 유사한 그림이 지속적으로 그려지는 이유에 대해, 청화장식을 담당하던 화원이 이미 만들어 둔 화본을 통해 그림 장식을 했기 때문으로 추정하였다. 그러나 이 과정에서 중국자기와는 다르게 장 식과 구성, 형태의 세부를 변용하기도 하였으며, 장식소재도 조선에서 유행하는 그림이 그려지는 등 관요백자의 새로운 특징이 가미되어 발전하는 모습을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 과정을 통해, 조선 초기 명나라 청화백자의 유입상황과 수용과정의 문제점, 관요백자의 특징 등을 규명할 수 있었으 며, 이후 관요백자 연구에 일조할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

조선시대 백자가마의 발굴성과 검토

전승창 - 한국상고사학회 2003 한국상고사학회 학술발표회 Vol.29 No.-

京畿道 廣州 官窯의 設置時期와 燔造官

田勝昌(Jeon Seungchang) 미술사연구회 2008 미술사연구 Vol.- No.22

It has long been of interest to many scholars to investigate the date of the establishment of the royal kiln in the Joseon Dynasty. Despite the profound interest in ascertaining this date, only hypotheses could be made from different perspectives, as there is neither an authentic historical record nor remains that allude to the date. It has been, hence, thought to be either in the fifteenth or in the sixteenth century. However, recently we have narrowed down the date to between 1467 and 1469 based on the interpretation and examination of historical records. There, however, still remains a possibility for another interpretation of the record suggesting a different date. This paper investigates the royal kiln in Gwangju during the early period of the Joseon Dynasty focusing on the time, name, and administrator of naesi (內侍) and beonjogwan (燔造官). After having examined the formerly asserted theories and problems concerning the date of the first-built royal kiln, I have concluded that the royal kiln was built in Gwangju in approximately June 1466. This deduction is based on the prohibition of government and private use of porcelain, the discontinuance of the existing tributary system, the strict control of kaolin producing areas, the supervision of related affairs by Gongjo (工曹), and the completion of the first stage of Gyeongguk- daejeon (經國大典, National Administration Code) compilation at this time. I also came to understand that the establishment of the royal kiln is closely related to the rapid changes in the numbers of local kilns. Additionally, I ascertained that the royal kiln in Gwangju during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were called sagiso (沙器所), and not bunwon (分院). It was also found that sagiso was supervised by the beonjogwan, but before the royal kiln was built the production of porcelains for the royal court was administered by naesi. This production system had already been in practice since the late Goryeo Dynasty, and it continued until the early Joseon Dynasty with no particular changes. Later in April 1467 nokgwan (祿官, paid official) was appointed to the Saongwon (司饔院). I, however, judged that the phrase “nokgwan was appointed for the first time”alone cannot verify that the royal kiln was built and begun its operation, presenting issues such as naesi, beonjogwan and wood market for the royal kiln to support my assertion. The establishment of the royal kiln led to significant changes in the ceramic history of the Joseon Dynasty. It laid a cornerstone in the royal kiln operations of the Joseon Dynasty whose systemic structure was organized by the state. Moreover, it served as a milestone in achieving a higher standard of porcelain culture through developing the royal court’s whiteware, porcelain. This paper examines the establishment period of the first royal kiln and its administrator, and it aims to contribute to understanding and unveiling the identity of the royal kiln in the early period of the Joseon Dynasty.

조선 초기 명나라 청화백자의 유입과 수용 고찰

전승창(Jeon Seung-Chang) 한국미술사학회 2009 美術史學硏究 Vol.264 No.264

朝鮮後期 白磁裝飾의 民畵要素 考察

田勝昌 미술사연구회 2002 미술사연구 Vol.- No.16

조선 관요의 분포와 운영체계 연구

田勝昌 미술사연구회 2004 미술사연구 Vol.- No.18

Throughout Kwangju in Kyonggl Province lies royal kilns of the Choson dynasty for the royal court and government offices. There still remains a considerable number of kiln sites m the area, and their relevant records are found in diverse documents including the Choson Wangcho Sillok(Chronicles of the Choson Dynasty) and the Sungjongwon Ilgi(the Diary of the Royal Secretariat). Recent researches, field studies and excavations have revealed the characteristics of the royal porcelain, structures of the kilns, regional distribution of the kiln sites by periods, and their operation system. Kwangju, where for hundreds of years the royal porcelain had been produced, preserves the world's biggest ruins of kiln sites of white porcelains surpassing either the scale of Chinese and Japanese ceramic production arena or any other European sites. It is particularly significant in the history of Korean ceramics and the awareness of its importance is increasing. Unfortunately, the ruins have lost their earlier features due to many exploitations, and some face serious problems This paper Investigated the state of regional distribution of kilns in Kwangju by classifying them in chronological order, and based on this investigation the operation system of the kilns and their relocation system have been examined. Current researches have verified that kilns are found m more than 290 locations throughout Kwangju. Comparative studies of shards from the kilns and historical records such as "Chiriji" in SeJong Sillok(Chronicles of Sejong), Choson Wangjo Sillok(Chronicles of the Choson Dynasty) and Chsopilchae-jip confirmed that it was between the late 14th and early 15th centuries that the kilns began to be built in Kwangju. They were, however, private kilns that was built in that period which mainly produced punch'ong wares, and it was not until the late 15th century that kilns producing white porcelains began to be constructed and operated by the court. Therefore, private and official kilns coexisted in the 15th century althongh private kilns producing punch'ong wares rapidly disappeared, for royal kilns were installed in the same area which caused the deficiency of firewood. The kiln sites in Kwangju are divided into three stages - early(15-16th centuries), mid(17 first half of the 18th centuries) and late(latter half of the 18th and 19th centuries) periods and it was discovered that the numbers and distribution of kilns were different in each phase. About 60% of 290 odd locations of kilns identified until today came under the early period, 38% under the mid, and the rest fell under the late period, which reveals that kilns were concentrated in a certain period. In the early phase, kilns were mainly located in the northern and western areas of Kwaugju alloted near the principal streams adjoining the Han River Kilns are evenly distributed in the mid phase in the eastern, western and southern areas of Kwangju Furthermore, there was now a greater distance between the former and newly relocated kiln sites and most of them were built around the tributaries of the main streams. It is already known that the kilns from different periods were widely distributed all over Kwangju, that relocation of kilns were unavoidable due to the deficiency of firewoods, and even when some of the kilns were operated. However, the distribution status, numbers and relocation regions of the kilns were affirmed through this study, and it also proved that the fuel was the main factor of the relocation and distribution system This paper also issues some chronological problems of kiln operation, which had only been studied based on a few number of shards without any concrete evidences up to now, by investigating the related literature on relocation of kilns and re-examining the existing researches on the remains. Moreover, Kwiyo-ri, which had been dated to 1480, is corrected to 1490s by putting together the routes of relocations and records of the kilns. Royal kilns were relocated to different areas after being operated for a certain period of time, and this system was kept throughout the Choson dynasty. And kilns were generally classified into those who produced high quality porcelain and those with low quality. Yet, we have very little information on how many kilns were operated in one site on a certain period of time and what kind of operation system was employed. By reckoning the numbers of kilns with the relocation periods shown in the historical records and the entire running period of royal kilns, it is estimated that approximately eight kilns were built and operated during the period of ten years. It has been considered that the quality of porcelains differed depending on the kilns, which were thought be classified into the principal and the subordinate kilns or that there were kilns producing porcelains for non-government uses. However, it is again newly suggested in this paper that there were kilns producing imperial wares in a small quantity and those producing porcelains for the court and government offices in a large quantity. It is further proposed that the types, shapes and production techniques of the wares are different in each two group, imperial and government office, in order to distinguish the imperial wares from the official wares More systematic and comprehensive approaches are demanded for the investigation of organization and operation of the kilns with the analyzation of remains from the kilns, and the same means should be employed for examining the Kwangju region and materials for the researches

15世紀 粉靑沙器 및 白磁의 需要와 製磁性格의 變化

田勝昌 미술사연구회 1998 미술사연구 Vol.- No.12

대전광역시 사업체인지 변화 동향에 관한 연구

전승창,이건호 牧園大學校 建築·都市硏究센터 1999 建築·都市環境硏究 Vol.7 No.-

This study analyzes the locational distribution & change of the industrial establishment trend with the city is expanding to the suburb and activity of the downtown becomes severe. The results of this study are following this, First, industrial establishments are expanding to the area where under urban development projects. Second, in the industrial establishment respects, finance and insurance businesses are expanding to the new development area with keeping their existing enterprises. Whole sale and retails are moving from existing C.B.D area with weak competitive power to new development area with strong competitive power. In manufacturing industry respects, large scale manufacturing enterprises are keeping their places. Third, as a result of shift-share method, industrial establishments are moving from tong-gu and Chung-gu with weak competitive power to so-gu and yusung-gu where under new development.