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김두얼(Duol Kim),전수민(Soomin Chun) 한국경제발전학회 2014 經濟發展硏究 Vol.20 No.1
범죄발생 현황을 파악하는 것은 효과적인 형사정책 수립을 위한 첫걸음이다. 본고의 목적은 여러 가지 범죄통계를 분석함으로써 현재 우리나라의 범죄 발생 정도가 얼마나 되며, 어떤 방향으로 움직이고 있는지를 살펴보는데 있다. 두 가지 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2012년 우리나라에서 교통범죄를 제외한 전체 범죄 발생 건수는 1,410,440건으로, 이는 국민 100명당 약 3명이 매년 범죄 피해를 겪은 것에 해당한다. 우리나라에서는 지난 30여년간 범죄발생이 연평균 3.1% 증가해 왔는데, 2000년 이후 최근 10년을 놓고 보면 1.7%로 다소 낮아졌지만 증가추세는 계속 이어지고 있다. 둘째, 사회경제적으로 유사한 수준에 있는 국가들과 비교해 볼 때 우리나라의 범죄 발생 정도는 평균 수준 이상인 것으로 판단된다. 이는 우리나라의 치안 상태가 비교적 좋다는 통념이 통계적으로는 뒷받침되지 않음을 의미한다. 특히 주목할 것은 여러 주요 선진국들의 경우, 2000년 이후 범죄가 감소하는 추세를 보이고 있다는 점이다. 이것을 우리나라 범죄 발생 추이와 결합해서 볼 때, 우리나라의 범죄발생 수준은 다른 선진국들에 비해 상대적으로 더 악화될 위험이 높기 때문에 적절한 대응방안 마련이 절실히 요청된다(JEL: H4, K14). Identifying the status of crime occurrence is the first step to develop effective criminal policy. To that end, this study analyzed various statistics on crimes to the status of crime occurrence that Korea is witnessing today, and there gained the two important outcomes. First, the total number of criminal activities - excluding traffic-related - that took place in 2012 recorded 1,410,440, meaning that three out of hundred Korean fell victim crime every year. Crime occurrence in Korea has continuously risen by annual 3.1% for the past three decades, although the rate slightly decreased to 1.7% for the recent ten odd years since 2000. The rise in crime occurrence has been led by typical penal code offenders, mainly property-related criminal activities, such as theft and fraud. It is also noteworthy that despite the decline in violent crimes, cases of heinous crimes, such as murder, robbery, rape and arson, increased at a fast pace. Second, compared to OECD nations, Korea's crime occurrence appears to be above the average, that the belief that Korea is a relatively safe nation is not supported in terms of statistics. Above all, considering that many developed nations have posted decrease in their crime occurrence since 2000, current trend in Korea's crime occurrence implies the strong possibility of a worsening level of crime occurrence.
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김일중(Kim, Il-joong),전수민(Chun, Soo-min) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2013 성균관법학 Vol.25 No.4
The purpose of this paper is to probe into the critical question of whether the so-called 'affected commerce rule' is used as a proxy for harm in calculating the administrative surcharge. It is well known that most (both in monetary and criminal) sanctions by nature are based on harm in principle. However, as measuring the exact magnitude of harms is difficult, many countries, including Korea, have tried to find reasonable alternative proxies for calculating the harm. Therefore, if we can prove that other developed countries, which have apparently influenced the legislation or revision of the related substantive laws in Korea, are using a specific penalty (e.g., surcharges or civil fines) as a proxy for harm, then there will be a high likelihood that the same proxy in Korea is in fact being used for the identical purpose. This paper specifically focuses on the Korean Fair Trade Law, the reason being that the imposition of surcharges, both in frequency and scale, has been overwhelming especially in the area of antitrust and unfair trades. The paper is organized as follows. First, we examine the case of the United States because the country has deep-rooted history of antitrust laws. They have significantly influenced those of OECD and Korea. According to the United States Sentencing Guidelines, for example, the Department of Justice has employed 20 percent of the volume of affected commerce in lieu of the pecuniary loss. It is estimated that 10 percent for the average gain and another 10 percent for the average loss. Second, we scrutinize the OECD case because the Korea Fair Trade Commission, if indirectly, implied that it adopted the OECD's rationale and practice regarding the rule of measuring harm into the Korean Fair Trade Law. OECD strongly proposes 'affected commerce × x percent (i.e., AC×x%)' as a proxy for harm, the rationale of which is that AC×x% is the simplest form which can approximate the 'unlawful gain' composed of unjust enrichment and any other harmful economic effects together. To summarize, Korea adopted the affected commerce's rule from OECD and United States as mentioned earlier. Also, it is obvious that both use the rule as a proxy for calculating harm. Therefore, one can conclude that it is most probable that the affected commerce rule has practically been used as a proxy for harm in Korea as well. Then, sooner or later it may be possible to calculate harm levels across violation types indeed, and also to make suggestions for improving the operation of administration surcharges. Hopefully, the law-and-economics arguments offered in this paper will, to a non-trivial degree, help the legislature and the judiciary in Korea has a more balanced view concerning the role and operation of the administrative surcharges in the ensuing future.
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