지나이다 기피우스 시에 나타난 여성과 여성성의 문제: 시 「여성적인 것은《없다》」, 「여자-성」, 「영원히 여성적인 것」을 중심으로

장은재 경북대학교 러시아-유라시아 연구소 2023 러시아유라시아연구 Vol.9 No.-

본고에서는 모더니즘 일반과 러시아 상징주의에서 성(sexuality)의 담론와 형이상학적 원리로서의 여성성(femininity)이 부상하게 된 배경과 그 한계를 살피고, 시 「여성적인 것은 《없다》」, 「여자-성」, 「영원히 여성적인 것」을 중심으로 러시아 상징주의자 지나이다 기피우스에게서 나타나는 여성과 여성성의 문제를 살펴본다. 여성 작가로서 기피우스는 여성과 여성성에 대해 모순되는 태도를 취한다. 그는 여성과 여성성을 서로 구별해야 한다고 주장하면서, 육을 가진 성별로서의 여성에 대해서는 부정적인 태도를 취한다. 기피우스에게 여성성이란 긍정적인 ‘영원한 여성성’의 원리와 부정적이고 파괴적인 원리를 동시에 담지하는 것이었데, 이를 해결하기 위해 기피우스는 긍정적 여성성은 성과 분리 가능한 정신적인 원리로, 부정적 여성성은 성에 분리불가능한 것으로 정립한다. 시 「여자-성」, 「영원히 여성적인 것」은 양극단의 여성성에 대한 기피우스의 서로 다른 태도를 보여주며, 그가 모순적 여성성의 문제를 해결하고자 했던 방식을 보여준다. 그러나 「여성적인 것은 《없다》」는 기피우스가 여성이라는 자신의 물리적/사회적 성별로부터 끝내 자유로울 수 없었음을 보여준다. 기피우스는 가부장적인 젠더 담론으로부터 벗어나지 못했으며, 여성혐오적이라는 비판으로부터 자유로울 수 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그의 시들은 지배 담론 속에서 확보되지 못한 여성과 여성성의 위치를 어떻게든 마련하고자 했던 20세기 초 ‘주류’ 문단에서의 시도들을 보여준다. This paper searches the background of the rise of a discourse of sexuality and the rise of femininity as a metaphysical principle in modernism and Russian symbolism, and focusing on the poems 「Feminine 《None》」, 「Womanness」, 「The Eternal Feminine」, examines problems of women and femininity in the poems of Zinaida Gippius, a Russian symbolist. As a female writer, Gippius takes a contradictory attitude toward women and femininity. She insists that women and femininity should be distinguished from each other. She takes a negative attitude toward women with flesh. For Gippius, femininity embodies both the positive principle of 'eternal feminine' and the negative and destructive principle at the same time. The poems 「Womanness」 and 「Eternal Feminine」 show Gippius' different attitudes toward the extremes of femininity and the way she tried to solve the problem of contradictory femininity. However, 「Feminine 《None》」 shows that Gippius could never be free from her physical/social gender as a woman. Gippius has not escaped from the patriarchal gender discourse and cannot be free from criticism that she is misogynistic. Nevertheless, her poems show attempts in the 'mainstream' literary circles in the early 20th century to secure a position for women and femininity that were not secured in the dominant discourse.

온도와 가족

장은재 한국식품영양과학회 2009 식품산업과 영양 Vol.14 No.1

Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density in Obese Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

장은재,양혜란,이대용 대한의학회 2015 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.30 No.12

Whether nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to vitamin D and bone health in obese children is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D status and bone mineral density (BMD) in obese children according to their condition within the NAFLD spectrum. Anthropometric data, laboratory tests, and abdominal ultrasonography were obtained from 94 obese children. The subjects were divided into three groups according to NAFLD spectrum: normal liver, simple steatosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although there were no differences in vitamin D levels between the three groups, these groups showed significant differences in highly sensitive C-reactive protein (P = 0.044), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.02), hepatic fibrosis scores (P < 0.05), and trunk fat percentage (P = 0.025). Although there were significant differences in BMDs, the age-matched BMD z-scores were not significantly different between the three groups. Serum vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with age (r = -0.368, P = 0.023), serum uric acid levels (r = -0.371, P = 0.022), fibrosis 4 (FIB4) (r = -0.406, P = 0.011), and HOMA-IR (r = -0.530, P = 0.001) in obese children with NASH. Multiple regression analysis for vitamin D in the NASH group revealed age and HOMA-IR as significant factors. In conclusion, inflammatory markers, hepatic fibrosis scores, trunk fat, and insulin resistance may reflect the spectrum of NAFLD in obese children, whereas vitamin D levels and BMD may not. In patients with NASH, however, low serum vitamin D is associated with hepatic fibrosis and insulin resistance, but not with bone health status.

골수이식을 받은 혈액질환 환자의 영양상태에 따른 치료효과에 관한 연구

장은재,홍정임 동덕여자대학교 2002 생활과학연구 Vol.7 No.-

This study was attempted to evaluate the treatment effects of nutritional status in Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) patients. Treatment effects was evaluated by days of engraftment and outcome of infections after BMT. The nutritional status was evaluated based on anthropometric measurements and laboratory data. The study subjects consisted of 278 bone marrow transplanted patients at Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center from January in 1996 to April in 1999. The results of this study were as follows: The days of engraftment by initial (at the time of admission) nutritional status was no different at Body Mass Index (BMI), Percent Ideal Body Weight (PIBW), Albumin, Total Protein (T.Protein), Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC), with this being statistically significant in type of transplant (P<0.05), outcome of infections after BMT (P<0.01). Significant positive correlations were found between the length of hospital stay after BMT (r=0.37, P<0.001) and the duration of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)(r=0.22, P<0.001). The days of engraftment by transplant (BMT day) nutritional status was no different at BMI, PIBW, Albumin, T.Protein, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, with this being statistically significant in %Wt Loss There were no difference between the two groups (non-fever and fever) at the nutritional status, while fever and non-fever group were statistically significant in length of hospital stay after BMT (P<0.005), duration of the TPN (P<0.001).

단기간 옥수수 펩타이드 섭취 시 흰쥐의 지질 대사에 미치는 영향

장은재 동덕여자대학교 2001 생활과학연구 Vol.6 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate the postprandial effects of corn peptide(CP) on lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley(S.D) male rats were divided into four groups & fed same amount of olive oil(1.0g) & different quantity of CP(0g, 0.lg, 0.2g, 0.3g) to examine the postprandial effects of lipoprotein concentration. Post triglyceride(TG) concentrations of the CP 0g & CP 0.1g groups significantly increased compared with the pre values. However, There were no significant changes in CP 0.2g & CP 0.3g groups. However, we can not observe the significant change of cholesterol concentrations between pre & post values in every four groups. These results suggest that the ingestion of CP inhibited the absorption of triglyceride by binding with bile salts in the intestine, therefore, the concentration of chylomicron`s triglyceride was not significantly increased.

마지막 수업과 연필

장은재 한국식품영양과학회 2011 식품산업과 영양 Vol.16 No.2

영양교육이 체중조절 프로그램에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구

장은재,임경아,한용봉 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

영양교육이 체중조절에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 여대생을 대상으로 영양교육을 시킨 그룹과 시키지 않은 그룹으로 나누어 8주간 체중조절 프로그램을 실시하여 체중, 체질량 지수, 체지방 비율, 표준체중 비율 등은 두 그룹 모두 유의적으로 감소하였다. 영양교육을 받은 NE group은 영양 교육을 받지 않은 DO group보다 크게 감소하였다. NE group은 8주 동안 꾸준하게 감소되는 반면, DO group은 4주 동안 감소하였지만, 스스로 조절하는 5주부터 8주 동안에는 변화가 없었다. NE group은 체중조절 프로그램이 진행되는 동안 교육의 효과로 열량 및 탄수화물, 단백질과 지방의 섭취량이 유의적으로 감소하였다. DO group은 열량 섭취량 및 탄수화물, 단백질과 지방이 처음 4주 동안 감소하였으나, 5주부터 8주 동안은 약간씩 증가하였다. 혈청 지질의 농도는 NE group이 Total-cholesterol과 LDL-cholesterol이 유의적으로 감소하였고, DP group의 triglyceride는 처음보다 유의적으로 증가되었다. 영양교육을 포함한 체중조절 프로그램은 체중, 체지방 및 혈청 지질농도를 감소시켰고, 감소 수준을 오랫동안 유지할 수 있었다. This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education on a weight control program. The major components of nutrition education in this program, held for 8 weekly sessions, were the general nutrition information about the diets, especially low fat, high carbohydrate hypocaloric diets, methods of increasing physical activity, strategies for the maintenance of proper body weight, and other information related to the prevention of obesity. Twenty five female college students participated in this program. All subjects were randomly assigned to the Nutrition Education(NE) group or the Diet Only(DO) group. Mean energy intake of the NE group was 1,230㎉(CHO:61%, PRO:15%, FAT:24%), DO group consumed 1,472㎉(CHO:58%, PRO:16%, FAT:26%). The NE group lost 3.3±0.7㎏ of body weight. In contrast, the DO group lost 1.8±0.6㎏. The NE group experienced a significant decrease in cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol level, however, the DO group significantly increased in triglyceride. The results of this study suggest that progressive nutrition education in a weight control program might reduce body weight and serum lipids concentration.

믿음

장은재 한국식품영양과학회 2012 식품산업과 영양 Vol.17 No.1

공감

장은재 한국식품영양과학회 2013 식품산업과 영양 Vol.18 No.1

휴식(休息)

장은재 한국식품영양과학회 2013 식품산업과 영양 Vol.18 No.2