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노인의 사망 전 6개월간 의료이용수준과 간병가족의 가족부담과의 관련성
이지전,이희나,오희철,정혜영,이상욱,Yi, Jee-Jeon,Lee, Hee-Na,Ohrr, Hee-Choul,Jung, Hye-Young,Yi, Sang-Wook 대한예방의학회 2003 예방의학회지 Vol.36 No.4
Objective : To investigate the relationship between medical expenses and the burden of families caring for the elderly in the last 6 months of life, and to evaluate the factors relating to the burden of family caregivers. Methods : The families of 301 persons older than 65 years, who died between 1 July and 31 December 2001, and were registered in Resident-based- Health Insurance Programs in Seoul, were interviewed. The medical expenses and length of stay among the elderly were collected from Korean Health Insurance Corporations. Results : 31 percents of the elderly had no medical expenses in the last 6 months of life. On average, the objective burden (4.92) was higher than the subjective burden (3.35). Families caring for male elderly had a higher burden. With increasing age af death, the objective burden was significantly increased. The burden on a family seemed to be influenced more by the family income than the property of the elderly. With increasing total health care costs, the objective burden on the family caregivers was significantly increased, but with increasing medical expenses, the subjective burden was significantly decreased. Conclusion : An association between healthcare utilization and burden on families was observed. The reason for the decreasing subjective burden when medical expenses were decreased was unclear. Further research will be needed.
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Variation and uncertainty of microplastics in commercial table salts
Seung-Kyu Kim(김승규),Nan-Seon Song(송난선),Ji-Su Kim(김지수),Hee-Jee Lee(이희지) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5
Increasing concern of human exposure to microplastics (MPs) necessitates an assessment of the quality of MP data relevant to human exposure. In this literature review for table salt, we addressed the variability and uncertainty of MP data caused by different analytical methods among studies. Additionally, validation experiment was conducted to identify and correct uncertainties related to MP size. When combined without validation, salt data in literature (n=150) showed a wide range of 0–39800 (1386±5477) MPs kg<sup>-1</sup>. All procedures, including sample treatment, MP identification, and quality assurance were related to this variability. Most serious variability originated from the MP identification methods associated with minimum cut-off size of targeted/measured MPs and the selection of particles identified. When not corrected by size, MP content differed by 10–600 times among MP identification methods, with greatest value from visual observation, followed by FTIR and Raman methods. Meanwhile, there was a significant correlation—regardless of identification method—between logarithmic mean abundances and minimum cut-off sizes. The size-corrected values showed that adults intake up to 19000 MPs ≥10 μm annually via table salt, compared with 5100 MPs that was estimated from uncorrected mean abundance. Our validation experiment also showed the possibility of serious errors being caused by arbitrary selection of “MP-like particles” in spectroscopic analysis, specifically for smaller-sized particles. A combination of unverified data originated from different methods might have failed to adequately produce reliable human health-relevant results, thereby undermining the ability to quantify human risk.
ScienceON
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