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혼합비이온계면활성제의 조성에 따른 O/W 에멀젼의 유동특성 및 안정성 1 . 반전유화법을 이용한 O/W 에멀젼의 상거동 및 유동특성
이호식,김점식 ( Ho Sik Lee,Jum Sik Kim ) 한국공업화학회 1993 공업화학 Vol.4 No.1
Glycerin monostearate, polyoxyethylene(100) monostearate, polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monostearate를 혼합한 유화제를 분산상인 liquid paraffin, beeswax 혼합물에 용해한 후 연속상인 propylene glycol 수용액을 첨가하는 방법인 agent-in-oil법을 적용한 반전유화법에 의해 O/W 에멀젼을 제조하였고, 제조과정에서 나타나는 상거동 및 점성거동을 관찰하였다. 연속상을 주가함에 따라 액정 영역과 백타겔 영역이 존재하는 유화제 조성(HLB 10.1∼12.3)에서만 미세하고 균일한 에멀젼이 형성되었으며, 유상→액정상→겔상→O/W 에멀젼으로 상변화가 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 제조된 에멀젼의 전단속도에 따른 전단응력곡선으로부터 항복치가 존재함에 따라 에멀젼 입자간의 내부구조가 형성됨을 알 수 있었고, 전단력에 의한 내부구조의 파괴가 겉보기상으로는 완전히 비가역적으로 진행되며, 구조 파괴의 척도인 hysteresis loop의 면적은 유화제의 HLB값이 작을수록 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 시간에 따른 전단응력 변화곡선에서 소성점성도의 시간의존성이 큰 것을 확인하였고, 시간유동화현상에 따른 완화시간(λ)으로부터 HLB값이 작을수록 상대적 안정성이 큼을 알 수 있었으며, homomixer로 제조한 에멀젼에 비해 반전유화법에 의해 제조한 에멀젼이 더 안정함을 알 수 있었다. Emulsions were prepared with the inversion emulsification method which adopted the agent-in-oil method-dissolving the mixed surfactants composed of the glycerin monostearate, polyoxyethylene(100) monostearate, and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate into mixtures of liquid paraffin and beeswax, and adding the aqueous solution of propylene glycol, gradually-and then their phases and viscosities behaviors in the emulsifying process were investigated. The fine and homogeneous o/w emulsions were formed in the HLB region (HLB 10.1∼12.3), showing liquid crystalline phase and white gel phase in the emulsifying process. The phase inversion steps in the emulsifying process appeared as follows, i.e., oil continuous phase→liquid crystalline phase→white gel phase→o/w emulsion. Shear rate-shear stress curves of the prepared emulsions had the yield values which pointed out the existence of inner structure between emulsion particles, and the hysteresis loop which showed that the inner structure was broken irreversibly by the shear. The area of hystersis loop, an index of breakdown of inner structure, was increased with the decreasing of the HLB value of emulsifier. Shear time-shear stress curves showed the time dependence of plastic viscosity, and the relaxation time in time thinning behavior(λ) indicated that the stability of emulsions prepared with the inversion emulsification method was decreased with the increasing of HLB values of emulsifier and was higher than that of emulsions prepared by homomixer.
혼합 비이온계면활성제의 조성에 따른 O/W 에멀젼의 유동특성 및 안정성 (Ⅱ) 고급 알코올의 첨가에 따른 O/W 에멀젼의 상거동 및 유동특성
이호식,김점식 ( Ho Sik Lee,Jum Sik Kim ) 한국공업화학회 1993 공업화학 Vol.4 No.2
Glycerol monostearate/POE(100) monostearate 혼합비이온계면활성제를 유화제로 사용한 O/W 에멀젼에 고급알코올인 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol 혼합물을 보조유화제로 첨가하여, 상거동 및 유동특성을 관찰하였다. 고급알코올의 결정구조가 변화하는 전이점은 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol의 조성에 따라 서로 다른 값을 가지며, 2/1의 비율에서 최저값을 나타내었다. 고급알코올의 첨가에 따라 에멀젼 내에는 액정이 형성되며, 이들로 인하여 에멀젼 입자간 응집체인 2차입자가 형성되어 에멀젼의 점성도가 증가하였다. 에멀젼계의 온도가 고급알코올의 전이점 이하로 저하되면, 고급알코올의 지방족 사슬의 운동성이 제한된 겔구조가 형성되어 점성도가 증가하였으나 시간이 경과함에 따라 액정이 사라지고 에멀젼의 점성도도 저하되었다. 용액 내에 분산되는 양(본 실험에서는 2wt%) 이상의 고급알코올을 첨가해야 에멀젼 내에서 고급 알코을/계면활성제/물이 액정을 형성하였으며, 과량(본 실험에서는 10wt%)의 고급알코올을 사용하면 2차입자가 형성되지 않았다. Long chain alcohols, the mixtures of 1-hexadeeanol/1-octadecanol, were used as cosurfactants for O/W emulsion prepared with glycerol monostearate/POE(100) monostearate mixed nonionic surfactants, and the phase behavior and flow properties of O/W emulsions were observed. The transition temperature of long chain alcohol was varied with the composition of 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol and had the lowest value when the mixed ratio of 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol was 2/1. The liquid crystalline phase was formed as the addition of long chain alcohol and the secondry droplet, the flocculate of the emulsion particles, was made, and thus the viscostiy of the emulsion was increased. When the temperature of emulsion system was under the transition temperature of long chain alcohol, the mobility of hydrocarbon group of long chain alcohol was restricted, and thus gel structure was formed and the viscosity of the the O/W emulsion was increased, but along with the time, the liquid crystalline phase was disappeared and the viscosity of emulsion was decreased. Long chain alcohol/nonionic surfactants/water formed the liquid crystalline phase when the long chain alcohol was added above the saturation point of solution(2 wt% in this experiment), and the secondry droplet didn`t formed when the long chain alcohol was added more than a certain amount(10 wt% in this experiment).
철 전기분해 장치를 이용한 공정과 자동제어 응집장치의 SBR 복합 공정에서 인 제거에 관한 연구
이호식 ( Ho Sik Lee ),최성길 ( Sung Gil Choi ) 한국수처리학회 2012 한국수처리학회지 Vol.20 No.4
In this study, the iron electrolysis device was applied to the SBR process for advanced treatment of phosphorus. In addition, the automatic control precipitation system which controlled the optimum chemical dosage depending on the phosphorus concentration, was used in the SBR process to increase phosphorus removal efficiency. The iron electrolysis devices were composed of steel plate modules, which were installed in the SBR reactor, and DC power supply for Fe3+ ions, leaching by electrolytic oxidation reaction. SS41 steel materials were used in this study. The influent characteristics which was used the A small wastewater treatment plant influent, were the CODcr 170mg/L, TP 2.65mg/L, TN 33.6mg/L, MLSS 2,850mg/L and average SRT 15d, respectively. When the iron electrolysis device was applied to the SBR process, the CODcr removal efficiency increased from 69.1% to 83.9%, total nitrogen increased from 62.5% to 62.7%, and total phosphorus increased from 45.5% to 85.7%. The overall removal efficiency of CODcr, TN, and TP were 87.9%, 65.5%, and 97.4%, respectively, based on the complex SBR system which was composed of the iron electrolysis device and the automatic control precipitation system, showing the excellent performance characteristics of phosphorus removal compared to the existing SBR process. By applying the iron electrolysis device in the SBR process, the chemical dosage could be reduced by 66% in the automatic control precipitation system.
이호식 ( Ho Sik Lee ),임란 ( Ran Im ) 한국수처리학회 2010 한국수처리학회지 Vol.18 No.6
The heavy metal pollution of water around abandoned mines was observed in 2008. In that assessment, the highest concentrations of 88, 5, 116 and 244 ㎍/L of copper(Cu), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb) and zinc(Zn), respectively, were found in water within 1km from the mine. Acrylic acid was graft polymerized onto plasma-treated cellulose filter papers to develop a sorbent capable of removing the heavy metals. The ability of the grafted sorbent to remove a mixture of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn from synthetic mine-water samples was evaluated in batch test at a starting pH of 6.5. The sorbent dosage was set at 20g/L. The Freundlich isotherm model also explained the data. Three different grafting percentages of 42, 122 and 148 were used to evaluate the effect of grafting percentage on adsorption. The amount of metal adsorption decreased with increasing grafting percentage. The solid phase adsorption for the different grafting percentages decreased in the following order: Zn > Cu > (Cd = Pb). One gram of plasma-treated acrylic acid filter paper was capable of removing approximately 111, 39, 36 and 117㎍ of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, respectively.
철 전기분해 장치를 이용한 SBR공정에서 인 제거에 관한 연구
이호식 ( Ho Sik Lee ),송대현 ( Dae Hyeon Song ),전태성 ( Tae Sung Jun ) 한국수처리학회 2011 한국수처리학회지 Vol.19 No.3
The purpose of this study was to remove an phosphorus ion using iron electrolysis device in a sequential batch reactor(SBR) and to analyze the effect phosphorus efficieny. Iron electrolysis device was applied to SBR process plant which is appropriate to the processing facilities of small scale and which is excellent in disposal capacity about flux change of 60㎥/day flowed real sewage. It was designed in a fashion that the output voltage of iron electrolysis device was 12V, current density was 3mA/cm2, interval of iron plate module was 1.3cm, size of iron plate module 40cm×40cm, and number of iron plate module was 6set. It was operated in the aerobic process. When the iron was used, the nitrogen remove efficieny increased from 71.6% to 75.2% and phosphorus increased from 81.5% to 91.4% respectively. Especially, BOD, CODMn, SS, T-N, and T-P of process efficiency increased about 2.2%, 6.1%, 2.0%, 18.3%, and 24.8% respectively when iron electrolysis device was used. This result concluded that iron electrolysis device compensates the decline of biographical process efficiency because of the decline of microorganism activity.