저출력 펄스형 Nd:YAG 레이저를 사용한 클래딩에서 클래딩 변수들이 용착효율에 미치는 영향 분석 및 최적화

이형근,Lee, Hyoung-Keun 대한용접접합학회 2007 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.25 No.4

The optimization of the cladding parameters was studied to maximize the deposition efficiency in the laser cladding using a low power pulsed Nd:YAG laser. STS304 stainless steel plate and Co alloy powder were used as a substrate and powder for cladding, respectively. The six cladding parameters were selected through preliminary experiments and their effects on the deposition efficiency were analyzed statistically. Experiments were designed and carried out using the Taguchi experimental method using a L18 orthogonal array. It was found from the results of analysis of variance(ANOVA) that the powder feed position and powder feed angle had the most significant effects on the deposition efficiency, but the powder feed rate and laser focal position had nearly no effects. The deposition efficiency could be maximized at 0mm of the powder feed position and 50o of the powder feed angle in the experimental range. From this experimental analysis, a new laser cladding head with 20o of the powder feed angle was designed and manufactured. With a new laser cladding head, the highest deposition efficiency of 12.2% could be obtained.

Al 1050 합금에 과공정 Al-Si 합금의 레이저 클래딩에서 평균출력의 영향에 대한 연구

이형근,Lee, Hyoung-Keun 대한용접접합학회 2011 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study produced hypereutectic Al-Si clad layer on 1050 Al alloy by a novel laser cladding method. Pure Si powder was mixed with organic binder to make fluid paste which could be screen-printed on the 1050 Al alloy plate. Pulsed Nd:YAG laser was irradiated on the Si paste layer to melt and alloy with Al substrate. Different laser power of 99 W, 179 W and 261 W, was used to see the difference of the microstructure, composition and hardness of the clad layers. When laser power of 179 W was used, the clad layer had overall Si content of 38wt% and composed of fine primary Si particles and fine eutectic phase. At laser power of 261 W, the clad layer had overall Si content of 24wt% and composed of mainly fine eutectic phase. Vickers hardness of HV176.7 and HV150.3 on the clad layer was obtained at laser power of 179 W and 261 W, respectively.

STS304L 캡슐의 펄스형 GTA 용접에서 용접변수들이 용접부 형상에 미치는 영향

이형근,한현수,손광재,Lee, Hyoung-Keun,Han, Hyon-Soo,Son, Kwang-Jae 대한용접접합학회 2007 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.25 No.5

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of welding parameters on the weld shape in seal-welding of STS304L capsule for manufacturing a radioisotope source which is widely used in nondestructive testing of metal structures using gamma ray. Pulsed gas tungsten arc (Pulsed GTA) welding is performed for thin cross sectional area of the capsule. Seven welding parameters including current waveform parameters and arc length etc. are selected as main process parameters using design of experiment. The weld shape such as bead width, penetration depth, weld area, aspect ratio and area rate is investigated to assess the effects of welding parameters. As results, the combination of pulse duty/welding speed largely affects on bead width, penetration depth, area and aspect ratio. Finally, it is concluded that the key parameters are the combination of pulse duty/welding speed, base current and arc length, and their optimal conditions are 50%/1.77mm/s, 6.4A and 1 mm.

수사상 압수·수색에 있어 관련성 판단의 준거 : 무엇과 무엇 간에 관련성이 있어야 하는지를 중심으로

이형근(Lee, Hyoung Keun) 한국형사법학회 2021 刑事法硏究 Vol.33 No.4

본 연구는 판례와 학설의 다수가 관련성 판단의 ‘기준’에 논의의 초점을 두고 있어, 관련성 요건이 그 기능을 온전히 발하지 못하고 있다는 인식에 기반하여, 관련성 판단의 ‘준거’, 즉 무엇과 무엇 간에 관련성이 있어야 하는지의 문제에 관한 논의를 전개하였다. Ⅱ에서는 형사소송법 및 하위 법령·규칙에 관련성의 개념이나 관련성 판단의 기준에 관한 조항이 없다는 사실, 영장에 의한 압수·수색의 경우 영장의 신청, 청구, 발부 단계에서 비교적 정밀한 수준의 관련성 판단이 이루어진다는 사실을 확인하였다. Ⅲ에서는 그럼에도 불구하고 판례와 학설의 다수가 범죄사실 기준설에 입각하여 영장에 기재된 압수할 물건이 아니어도 영장에 기재된 범죄사실과 일정한 관련성이 있으면 그 물건을 영장의 효력에 근거하여 압수할 수 있다는 입장을 취하고 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. Ⅳ에서는 형사소송법 제215조 제1항의 문리적 해석, 수사준칙 등 하위 법령·규칙의 취지, 영장의 신청, 청구, 발부 단계에서 이루어지는 관련성 판단의 의미 등을 논거로 범죄사실 기준설의 문제점을 지적하고, 압수할 물건 기준설을 채택해야 함을 제안하였다. 결론에서는 연구의 결과를 토대로 관련성 판단의 ‘기준’에 관한 논의뿐만 아니라 관련성 판단의 ‘준거’에 관한 논의도 활발하게 전개되어야 할 것임을 강조하였다. Based on critical mind about inequality between discussions on ‘standards’ and on ‘criteria’ of relevancy evaluation, this study intensively explored ‘criteria’ of relevancy evaluation which means relevancy between which elements is requested. In chapter Ⅱ, the absence of concept of relevancy and standards of relevancy evaluation in Criminal Procedure Law and other subordinate statutes, relatively intensive relevancy evaluation which is being executed in the phase of requesting and issuing of a warrant were identified. In chapter Ⅲ, however, the precedents’ and major theories’ case level evaluation - not the article level evaluation - was identified. In the case level evaluation, an article or information can be seizured even when the article or information are not included in the warrant. In chapter Ⅳ, based on Criminal Procedure Law §215 ①, relevant clauses in other subordinate statutes, requesting and issuing process of a warrant, this study criticized the case level evaluation, and suggested article level evaluation as a desirable view on relevancy evaluation. In the article level evaluation, an article or information can not be seizured when the article or information are not included in the warrant. In the conclusion, the necessity of equality between discussions on ‘standards’ and on ‘criteria’ of relevancy evaluation was emphasize.

법적 논증의 관점에서 바라본 형사항소제도의 문제점

이형근(Hyoung Keun Lee) 한국형사법학회 2023 刑事法硏究 Vol.35 No.2

본 연구는 형사항소제도가 항소이유를 매개로 법적 논증과 접하고 있다는 사실에착안하여, 법적 논증의 관점에서 형사항소제도의 문제점을 진단하고 약간의 처방을제시하였다. 먼저, 관련 법률, 하위 규범, 실무서, 판례 등을 검토하여, 법관의 논증 실태와 법관의 논증을 규율하고 안내하는 법령 및 실무서의 내용이 양호하지 못하다는점, 검찰의 사정도 크게 다르지 않다는 점, 형사항소제도와 연관되는 다른 문제의 논의에서 법적 논증이라는 요소가 충분히 고려되지 못하고 있다는 점 등을 확인하였다. 다음으로, 진단 결과를 참고하여, 법적 논증을 주장, 이유, 근거, 전제, 반론 다루기로구분하여 운용할 것, 반론 다루기에 대한 소극적 태도를 즉시 개선할 것, 유죄판결과무죄판결을 달리 취급하는 법령과 실무를 개선할 것, 형사항소제도를 구성하는 각 요소의 효과를 개별적으로 검증할 것, 가칭 ‘법적 논증 영향 평가’를 실시할 것 등을 개선방안으로 제안하였다. 결론에서는 연구의 의의와 제약점을 설명하고, 형사항소제도가 발전하기 위해서는 법적 논증의 조력이 반드시 필요함을 강조하였다. Based on the insight that reasons for appeal combine first appeal system and legal argument, this study diagnosed the problems of first appeal system in connection with legal argument and suggested some improvement methods. First, the study identified: (1) the level of legal argument of judges and the contents of relevant statutes and textbooks are poor, (2) the conditions of the prosecutions are quite the same, (3) the effects of legal argument are ignored in discussions about issues relevant to first appeal system as problems, based on the reviews of laws, subordinate statutes, textbooks and judicial precedents. Second, the study suggested: (1) to divide the elements of legal argument as claim, reason, evidence, warrant, dealing rebuttal, (2) to improve the passive attitude on dealing rebuttal, (3) to improve the incrimination of contents of reasons between guilty judgement and not guilty judgement, (4) to examine individual effects of elements of first appeal system, (5) to use a test tentatively named ‘legal argument effect test’ as improvement methods, based on the results of previous diagnoses. Finally, the study explained the meanings and limitations of the study, and emphasized the necessity of support of legal argument in improving the problems of first appeal system.

고려인 디아스포라와 선교

이형근(Hyoung Keun Lee) 장로회신학대학교 세계선교연구원 2005 선교와 신학 Vol.16 No.-

A319 알루미늄 합금 표면에 Al-36%Si 합금분말의 레이저 클래딩에 의한 내마모성 향상

이형근(Hyoung-Keun Lee) 대한용접·접합학회 2017 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.35 No.2

A319 aluminum alloy containing 6.5% Si and 3.5% Cu as major alloying elements has been widely used in machinery parts because of its excellent castability and crack resistance. However it needs more wear resistance to extend its usage to the severe wear environments. It has been known that hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy having more than 12.6% Si contains pro-eutectic Si particles, which give better wear resistance and lubrication characteristics than hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloy like A319 alloy. In this study, it was tried to clad hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy on the surface of A319 alloy. In the experiments, Al-36%Si alloy powder was mixed with organic binder to make a fluidic paste. The paste was screen-printed on the A319 alloy surface, melted by pulsed Nd:YAG laser and alloyed with the A319 base alloy. As experimental parameters, the average laser power was changed to 111 W, 202 W and 280 W. With increasing the average laser power, the melting depth was changed to 142 ㎛, 205 ㎛ and 245 ㎛, and the dilution rate to 67.2 %, 72.4 % and 75.7 %, and the Si content in the cladding layer to 16.2 %, 14.6 % and 13.7 %, respectively. The cross-section of the cladding layer showed very fine eutectic microstructure even though it was hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy. This seems to be due to the rapid solidification of the melted spot by single laser pulse. The average hardness for the three cladding layers was HV175, which was much higher than HV96 of A319 base alloy. From the block-on-roll wear tests, A319 alloy had a wear loss of 5.8 mg, but the three cladding layers had an average wear loss of 3.5 mg, which meant that an increase of 40 % in wear resistance was obtained by laser cladding.

형사소송법 제312조 개정의 의미와 피의자 신문 방법론 개선의 필요성

이형근 ( Lee Hyoung Keun ) 한국경찰법학회 2021 경찰법연구 Vol.19 No.3

Despite the Criminal Procedure Law §312 which strengthen conditions of admissibility of a protocol concerning interrogation, significant blind spots exist here and there. So this study explored the meaning of amended Criminal Procedure Law §312, and demonstrated the necessity for improvement of interrogation methodology with some improvement methods. In chapter Ⅱ, this study identified: (1) Post-controlling equipments for violations of regulations or distortions of statements during interrogation phases were established due to amended Criminal Procedure Law §312. (2) However, there are limitations such as the situational range of a defendant’s denial(at a preparatory hearing or a trial), the possibility of using a protocol concerning interrogation as a evidence for challenging probative value of defendant’s statements at a trial. (3) So the improvement of interrogation methodology is still necessary and important. In chapter Ⅲ, this study identified: (1) Significant differences exist between relevant training programs and manuals of the police and the prosecution. (2) The total amounts of relevant training programs of the both agencies are insufficient. (3) Improper or unlawful interrogation and protocol formation practices still exist even after the Criminal Procedure Law in 2007. (4) So the improvement of interrogation methodology is necessary, as well as the improvement of relevant statutes, to improve these problems fundamentally. In chapter Ⅳ, this study suggested 10 improvement methods based on both empirical and legal perspectives: (1) Empirical methods consist of 8 methods such as “adoption of information gathering interrogation paradigm”, “adoption of supervising”. (2) Legal methods consist of 2 methods such as “realignment of video recording statutes”, “restriction of private interrogation”. The improvement methods of this study could be summrized as 「improving interrogation methodology and video recording statutes primised on restriction of private interrogation」.

수사준칙의 해태 : 해태에 따른 기관 규범의 차이를 중심으로

이형근(Lee, Hyoung-Keun) 한국형사법학회 2021 刑事法硏究 Vol.33 No.2

본연구는 형사소송법과 기관 규범을 잇는 허리 역할을 해야 할 제정 수사준칙이 양적․질적으로 부실하여, 피의자의 방어권 보장, 수사절차의 적법성 및 투명성 보장, 인권침해 방지 등에 부정적 영향을 주고 있다는 인식하에, 검찰사건사무규칙, 경찰수사규칙 등 총 10건의 법령․규칙에 포함된 주요 조항을 비교․분석하여 문제점을 진단하고 개선방안을 제안하였다. Ⅱ에서는 기관 규범 간에 변호인의 신문 등 참여 제한의 사유, 참여 제한시에 취해야 하는 조치, 영상녹화의 대상, 영상녹화물 열람․등사의 범위 및 가능성, 출석요구서 등 주요 서식에 있어 차이가 있음을 확인하였고, Ⅲ에서는 기관 규범 간에 전자정보의 전부 복제 후 반출 및 정보저장 매체 반출 사유의 구체적 예시 유무, 전자정보 탐색 중 별건 증거 발견시 조치 방법, 피의자 등의 참여 거부시 조치 방법, 공무소․주거지 등이 아닌 곳에서의 압수․수색․검증시 참여자 필요 여부, 압수․수색․검증 후 원상회복 규정 유무에 있어 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. Ⅳ에서는 Ⅱ와 Ⅲ에서의 진단 결과를 토대로, 규율 형식 개선에 관한 세 가지 방안을 순차적으로 제안하고, 이 중 수사준칙에 규정하는 방안을 전제로 규율 내용 개선에 관한 총 16건의 방안을 조문화(案)과 함께 제시하였다. 결론에서는 연구의 의의와 제약점을 설명하고, 제정 수사준칙에 대한 진단과 처방이 상시적으로 이루어져야 함을 피력하였다. 수사행위의 요건․절차․방법에 관한 규범은 수사기관 간의 역할 안배와 관계 정립에 관한 규범보다 국민들에게 미치는 영향이 상대적으로 더 직접적이다. 지금 이 순간에도 피의자의 영상녹화 요청이 수사기관에 의해 거부되는 경우나 참여 제한의 사유가 해소되었음에도 불구하고 그 변호인의 참여가 거부되는 경우가 있을 수 있다. 수사준칙이 해태를 멈추어야 할 이유가 바로 여기에 있다. According to the claim that Criminal Investigation Rules in 2020 are poor both in quantitative and qualitative aspects, and have negative effects on suspects rights of defense, guarantee of lawfulness and transparency in investigative procedures, protection of human rights, this study explored ten relevant investigative subordinate statutes, and suggested improvement methods. In chapter Ⅱ, differences between rules of investigative agencies, such as reasons of participation restriction of defense counsels, measures after the participation restriction, mandatory conditions of video recording, range and possibility of reading and transcription of video records, major forms of investigation were identified. In chapter Ⅲ, differences between rules of investigative agencies, such as reasons of all duplication of data storage medium or seizure of the medium itself, measures after finding irrelevant evidences, coping methods of nonparticipation of suspects, necessity of participation of third person in seizuring outside, duty to restoration after seizuring were identified. In chapter Ⅳ, improvement methods which consist of 16 improvement methods of concerning issues were suggested along with provisions. In the conclusion, implications and limitations of the study were discussed, and the importance of continuous examinations and prescriptions on Criminal Investigation Rules in 2020 was emphasized. The effects of rules about conditions, procedures and methods of investigation are more directive than those of rules about investigative power and relationship of agencies. At this very minute, there could be the negative situations such that an investigator disapproves a suspect’s request for video recording or a prosecutor disapproves a defense counsel’s participation even after the restriction reasons have been resolved. These are the very reasons Criminal Investigation Rules should stop the negligence immediately.

피의자신문조서의 형태에 관한 연구 - 문답식과 서술식의 병용 가능성, 필요성 및 방향을 중심으로 -

이형근 ( Lee Hyoung Keun ) 한국경찰법학회 2021 경찰법연구 Vol.19 No.2

According to the consideration that the investigative agency has introduced narrative protocol already and narrative protocol could go current after the enforcement of article 312. 1. of Criminal Procedure Law in 2020, this study explored the possibility, necessity and operation ways of the narrative protocol. In chapter Ⅱ, the differences between catechetical protocol and narrative protocol, the formation of catechetical protocol and it’s legal basis were identified, and the possibility of the narrative protocol was proved. The core ground for arguments of this chapter is that the catechetical protocols are based not on Criminal Procedure Law but on subordinate statutes of investigative agencies. In chapter Ⅲ, the pros and cons of catechetical protocol and narrative protocol were explored in the aspects of distortions of protocol and working-level burden, and the coexistence of pros and cons both in catechetical protocol and narrative protocol was identified. Especially, the pros and cons of catechetical protocol and narrative protocol could depend on the ways of narrative protocol. In chapter Ⅳ, seven operation ways of the narrative protocol containing orginal statement recording way and mandatory video recording of interrogation phase. In the conclusion, the implications and limitations, some consideration about relevant studies and policies were suggested.