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이종열 국어교육학회(since1969) 2007 국어교육연구 Vol.0 No.40
Cognitive linguistics claims for metonymy a special status as an idealized cognitive model(ICM) which is the result of a conceptual mapping within a domain. In this paper, I will examine the characteristics of metonymic mapping and cognitive motivation. Generally speaking, Metonymy is a conceptual mapping within a domain which is used primarily for reference and involves a ‘stand- for’ relationship between the source and target domain. But Metonymy is possible to use non-referentially(ex. She is real brain.) There is a connection between the referential use of a metonymy and the ‘stand-for’ relationship. In this respect, Metaphor is possible to use referentially (ex. The Pig is waiting for his check.) This relativity between metonymy and metaphor derived from by distinguishing two types of metaphoric mapping; one-correspondence mapping an many- correspondence mapping. Metonymic mapping case of one-correspondence mapping, typically. The function of one-correspondence mapping is to bring into focus one aspects of the target domain which is applied to the source. In contrast, Metaphoric many-correspondence mapping is used to structure a conceptual domain. Hence, Metonymy and Metaphor constructed by a continuum from the point of view of the nature of the cognitive mapping process.이종열소속: 서울대학교 BK한국어문학세계화교육연구사업단주소: 서울시 관악구 신림 9동 서울대학교 인문대학 1동 424호전화: 02-880-2516전자우편: ljy418@chol.com
우리나라에서 Helicobacter pylori 제균치료의 역사적 고찰
이종열,안지용,최일주 대한상부위장관ㆍ헬리코박터학회 2015 Korean Journal of Helicobacter Upper Gastrointesti Vol.15 No.4
Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1983 by Warren and Marshall, it has been recognized as one of the most significant risk factors for gastric cancer and has been associated with various gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcer disease. In Korea, the triple therapy of proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin has been recommended as a primary regimen since 1998. However, the eradication rate of conventional first line therapy of H. pylori infection has been decreasing progressively, primarily due to increased resistance to antibiotics. A recent meta-analysis showed that the overall eradication rates were 74.6% by intention-to-treat analysis and 82.0% by per-protocol analysis. Therefore, the need for alternative first line eradication regimens has been rising. Sequential therapy, concomitant therapy, and various combinations of new antibiotics such as quinolone and rifabutin have been introduced as new options, but they have yet to be proven as standard first line therapy. Further nation-wide surveillance regarding the antibiotic resistance rates and well-designed prospective randomized controlled multicenter trials on the empirical first line therapy are necessary to establish the appropriate treatment for H. pylori in Korea.
Fiscal Stress and Its Impacts on Local Expenditure Autonomy
이종열,TAOJILL LESLIE 한국지방정부학회 2012 지방정부연구 Vol.16 No.3
The global economic crisis that began in early 2008 has had immeasurable impacts on the levels of governments, but local governments have found themselves precariously wedged between the rock of calls for austerity and the hard place of reduced revenues. This has forced local governments to make hard choices; in doing so, they have demonstrated policy preferences that would not be as evident in times of fiscal freedom. This study examines how local governments in South Korea make policy expenditure decisions under the constraints of severe fiscal stress. Using local government revenue and expenditure data from nearly all local government units in South Korea (n=237), we found that in contrast to similar fiscal stress periods in the U.S., general administrative expenditures including personnel were most likely to be cut, but expenditures on public safety and assistance to small business were likely to increase. Education, on the other hand, was not a protected category of expenditure. This finding seems to be at odds with the international attention and praise the Korean public education system has received.
Birkland의 정책학습 모형에 따른 학습과정과 정책변화에 관한 연구: 대구지하철 화재 사례를 중심으로
이종열,손원배 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2012 行政論叢 Vol.50 No.3
The Daegu subway fire was a focus event that expanded to a social issue and aroused public attention. In this process, the news media played an important role in moving this event toward a critical agenda. Many professions were mobilized in the process of policy agenda formulation, critically discussed a variety of ideas, and suggested many policy alternatives. These alternatives came from policy changes by means of revisions of and complements to existing policies. The specific evidence of policy change as a result of policy learning is that a new law was passed and new policies were implemented. In the process of debating ideas, the collective interest, the logic of politics as in the impeachment of the President, legal constraints, and organizational resistance to change acted as obstacles to learning, while high attention of the news media and mobilized group advocacy coalitions acted as the most important force to expedite learning. Meanwhile, large scale focus events pushed social issues, and learning information closely related to the policy agenda cycled through accumulation-accrued from past debates. 대구지하철화재라는 관심집중사건이 사회적 이슈로 확장되면서 대중의 관심증가로 이어졌으며, 이 과정에서 주요 핵심 의제화가 되는데 뉴스미디어의 역할이 중요하였다. 정책의제 형성을 위하여 많은 전문가들이 동원되어 아이디어 논쟁이 격렬하게 일어났고, 많은 정책대안들이 제시되면서, 기존 정책의 수정・보완을 위한 정책학습의 결과로 정책변화가 일어났다. 정책학습의 결과인 정책변화의 구체적인 증거로써 입법의 통과와 새로운 규정의 시행을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 관료이익집단의 정책옹호연합형성으로 인하여 대통령의 공약사항까지도 본질이 변질된 관료정치가 나타났다. 아이디어 논쟁의 과정에서 의제해결을 위해 동원된 집단의 이기주의, 돌발변수인 대통령탄핵이라는 정치권의 정치논리, 법률적 제약(정부조직법 개정), 변화에 대한 기존 조직의 저항력(정책 조직의 항구성)등이 학습저해요인으로 작용하였다. 한편 뉴스미디어의 높은 관심과 동원집단의 옹호연합형성이 가장 중요한 학습촉진요인으로 작용하였다. 또한 사회적 이슈로 확장되는 과정에서 과거 사고에서 논의되어 축적되었던 정책의제와 밀접한 학습정보가 순환되고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, Birkland의 “사건중심 정책변동”모형이 재난정책영역에서의 학습분석에 유용성이 있음을 확인하였다.