도설 제작 전통을 통해 본 한국 유학의 ‘시간[時]’ 관념 - 근기남인계 유학자들의「숙흥야매잠도」를 중심으로 -

이원준(Wonjun Lee) 한국철학회 2024 철학 Vol.159 No.-

본 연구는 퇴계 이황(1501~1570)과 여헌 장현광(1554~1637), 식산 이만부(1664~1732), 성호 이익(1681~1763) 등 ‘근기남인계 유학자’들의 시간관념 관련 도설(圖說)을 살펴보고, 이를 통해 한국 유학자들이 도설을 매개로 ‘시간[時]’을 그들의 사유세계에 편입시키는 과정을 살펴본 것이다. 한국 유가철학에서 ‘시간’ 그 자체에 대한 철학적 논의가 일견 부족해 보였던 까닭은, ‘역’의 순환구조를 통해 간접적으로 유추하는 선에서 ‘시간’의 흐름을 논의해야 했기 때문이다. 그러나, 한국 유가철학에서도 ‘시간’이 무슨 의미를 지니는가에 대한 사색이 존재하였고, 그것이 시각화된 것이 바로 이황과 이익이 도식화한「숙흥야매잠도」였다. 이황의「숙흥야매잠도」는 도덕실천의 촉매로서 선과 점의 형태로 ‘시간’ 관념을 조직화한 것이고, 이익의 「숙흥야매잠도」는 선형과 원형을 포괄하는 중층적 ‘시간’ 관념을 드러낸 것이다. 이 사이에는 ‘시간’을 유가철학의 맥락속에서 정합적으로 이해하려고 한 장현광과 이만부의 작업이 있었다. 이황의「숙흥야매잠도」에서 이익의「숙흥야매잠도」로 이어지는 일련의 과정은 이제까지 간접적으로 유추할 수 있었던 ‘시간’ 관념의 중층적 특성, 즉 ‘시간’의 선형적 특성과 원형적 특성을 한국 유가철학의 주요한 문제의식인 ‘도덕실천을 통한 선한 본성의 회복’에 녹여내는 과정이었다. 즉, 이황-이익으로 이어지는 ‘시간’ 관념의 중층화 과정은 이황이 수립한 도덕실천의 촉매로서의 선형적 ‘시간’ 개념에 유가적 자연철학의 측면에서 이해되는 원형적 ‘시간’ 개념이 조화되는 과정이었다. This study examines the diagrams and writings by scholars of the Keunki-Namin such as Yi Hwang, Jang Hyun-gwang, Yi Man-bu, and Yi Ik. Through this examination, it observes how Korean Confucian scholars, through the tradition of diagram production, incorporate the concept of ‘time’ into their thought system. In Korean Confucian philosophy, the philosophical discussion on ‘time’ itself seemed somewhat lacking, partly because the discussion of the flow of ‘time’ had to be inferred indirectly through the cyclical structure of ‘yin and yang’. However, contemplation on the significance of ‘time’ existed in Korean Confucian philosophy as well, and this was visualized in the diagrams of Sukheungyamaejam by Yi Hwang and Yi Ik. Yi Hwang’s Sukheungyamaejamdo organized the concept of ‘time’ in the forms of line and dots as a catalyst for moral practice, while Yi Ik’s Sukheungyamaejamdo revealed a multiple concept of ‘time’ encompassing linear and cyclical aspects. Between Yi Hwang’s and Yi Ik’s diagrams, there were the works of Jang Hyun-gwang and Yi Man-bu, who attempted to understand ‘time’ coherently within the context of Confucian philosophy. The progression from Yi Hwang’s diagram to Yi Ik’s diagram was a process of integrating the hierarchical nature of the concept of ‘time’, which had previously been indirectly inferred, into the main problem consciousness of Korean Confucian philosophy, namely, the restoration of innate goodness through the moral practice. Furthermore, the conceptualization of ‘time’ by Yi Ik added not only the understanding of ‘time’ as a tool for moral practice but also the concept of ‘time’ understood from the perspectives of Confucian natural philosophy.

국공내전 후반기 중국공산당의 華北 중심 건국 방침과 定都문제의 향방

李沅埈(Wonjune Lee) 중국근현대사학회 2015 중국근현대사연구 Vol.65 No.-

This paper focuses on the process of which the CCP had decided to make Beijing their new capital. Due to the difficulties in acquiring archival materials on this matter, this article analyzes the CCP’s ‘North China-centered’ state establishment plan which was put into practice after March of 1948. Since then, the CCP set about unifying their North China base areas, and made the ‘North China Liberated Area’ and its’ ‘North China People’s Government’ the center of nation wide base areas. The establishment of the North China Liberated Area was the signal of the national base area unification process, and the North China People’s Government became the focus of the party’s new policies on the centralization of power, institutionalization, regularization which were promoted to prepare for the forthcoming state building. The fundamental object of the unification of the North China base areas in the mid 1948 was to realize the CCP’s North China-centered state establishment plan, and therefore it was a matter-of-course that the CCP had declared their plan of state establishment in September of 1948 when the North China Liberated Area unification process was successfully completed. Just at that moment, the CCP began to mention Beijing as another option for the site of the New People’s Consultative Conference. Mao Zedong wanted to open the conference at Beijing as far as the battlefront situation was allowed, and from the end of October 1948 he clearly pointed Beijing out as the site of the conference. In early 1949, PLA’s chief commanders and takeover cadres of Beijing were informed that the high authorities of the party had decided Beijing as their new capital, and this decision was officialized in March 1949. This paper concludes that the CCP’s North China-centered state establishment plan was materialized by the unification of the North China Liberated Area and this had formed the base on which the Communists had realized their plan to make Beijing as their new capital. Their are other diverse factors that are considered in deciding capitals, but the importance of the fact that capital cities should be located on the power base area of ‘the ruling force’ counts the most.

중국공산당의 延邊 朝鮮人사회 장악과정과 그 의의

이원준(Wonjune Lee) 동양사학회 2015 東洋史學硏究 Vol.131 No.-

When the World War Ⅱ had ended, the ethnic Korean socialists who had been working in the Yanbian(延邊) area began to search for a new political order by organizing the Korean masses of Yanbian in their own way. But it was not long before the CCP had intervened and put a stop to this effort. The Han nationality party leaders who had moved in to this area from Yanan(延安) had took control of the upper level party organization of Yanbian by the end of 1945. After dominating the upper level party organization and restricting the power of the Korean socialists of Yanbian, the CCP had moved on to the next stage of infiltrating their power of control to the local society of the Yanbian area. To this end, the CCP in Yanbian had set about their land redistribution campaign, similar to the process widely in activation in the CCP’s rural base areas. In the process of the campaign, the CCP in Yanbian had succeeded in mobilizing the masses and organizing the grass root party organization in the local society of Yanbian. Due to the CCP’s strengthened power of control over the Yanbian society made possible by the land redistribution campaign, the CCP was able to establish the people’s government’s lower level administration system, which enhanced the institutionalization process of Yanbian’s rural base areas. Owing to the success of the land redistribution campaign and the establishment of the administration system in Yanbian area, it was possible for the CCP to get a firm grip of power over the Korean masses in Yanbian, which in time brought about a more clearly defined policy of the local status of the Korean people in Yanbian. They were evidently prescribed as an ethnic minority of China, and they had to become a legal citizen of the people’s government in order to fully secure their gains of the land redistribution and participate in the administration system of Yanbian. Though they were defined as an ‘ethnic minority which has a homeland’, it was evident that their sense of homeland would change in time as the CCP’s nation building effort would get on track.

‘분산성’과 ‘집중성’의 균형 찾기

李沅埈(Wonjune Lee) 중국근현대사학회 2015 중국근현대사연구 Vol.67 No.-

Since the later half of the Chinese civil war period(1945-1949), the CCP had prepared for the establishment of a new country by developing new policies, and city takeover policy was one of them. Nevertheless, their plans for the establishment of urban administrative structure were quite vague and undetermined at the time of their Beijing takeover. Under this circumstance, the CCP had adopted a three-layered administrative structure(市-?-街), which they had been applying to in the rural base-areas, in most of the cities under their control. But as the experience of city takeover had accumulated, the problems of the three-layered administrative structure had emerged, and the CCP reformed the structure into a one-layered administrative structure(市) in June 1949, in the purpose of enhancing the central control of the city government. But again, this new system created unpredicted problems that weakened the central control of the city government, and the CCP had finally established a ‘two-layered government(市-?) plus subdistrict office(街道辦事處) and residents committee(居民委員會)’ model at Beijing in June 1953. Although this system could not have been perfect, it could be said that it was the most effective way that the CCP had found out after trials and errors for forcing centralized control in urban societies. Centralization of power and institutionalization of rule were the key policies that the CCP had adopted in preparing for the foundation of a new state, and the above mentioned trials and errors of city governance were one of the experiments that were made to fulfill that cause.

에너지 저장 장치용 3상 4선식 계통연계 양방향 인버터 구성 방법에 따른 비교 및 분석

이원준(WonJun Lee),박재광(Jae Kwang Park),안효민(Hyo Min Ahn),이병국(Byoung Kuk Lee) 전력전자학회 2017 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.11

프리캐스트 합성 전단벽 시스템에 대한 실험적 연구

이원준 ( Lee Wonjun ),김민수 ( Kim Minsu ),웨이장 ( Wei Zhang ),이득행 ( Lee Deuckhang ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2021 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.25 No.1

건축물 내진설계기준(KDS 41 17 00)이 개정됨에 따라 지하구조물에 대한 내진설계는 필수적으로 수행되어야 한다. 현행실무에서 주로 사용하고 있는 지하연속벽의 경우 1차 벽체(Primary Wall)와 2차 벽체(Secondary Wall)가 합성될 수 없으며, 이에 따라서 현행 설계기준에 따라서 내진설계되기 어렵다. 이 연구에서는 PC(Precast concrete)공법에 적합한 다양한 수직접합상세를 개발하였으며, 이에 대한 실대형 실험을 수행하였다. 또한, 기존의 비합성 연속벽체와 제안된 PC공법의 내진성능을 비교 및 평가하였다.

中華人民共和國 建國 前後 中國共産黨의 少數民族政策 : ‘美帝國主義’의 위협과 民族團結論을 중심으로

李沅俊(Lee Wonjune) 서울대학교 동아문화연구소 2008 東亞文化 Vol.46 No.-

포집 이산화탄소의 육상 수송조건 내 관 내측 열전달 특성

이원준(Wonjun Lee),윤린(Rin Yun) 대한설비공학회 2017 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.6

This study aimed to investigate heat transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide with impurity under land transporting conditions. An experimental test setup was built, and was mainly composed by a test section, condensation section, and heating section. The test section is a circular cooper tube with 1/2¨ inner diameter and 4m length, which is buried in the surrounding soil. T-type thermocouples were attached on test section by soldering. The maximum in-tube heat transfer coefficient of pure CO2 decreased with increasing pressure at a mass flux of 200 kg/(m<SUP>2</SUP> s) and soil temperature of 12 ℃. The Gnielinski correlation predicts the experimental data relatively well in the CO2+N2 mixture, whereas at near-critical point it underestimates the data.

프리캐스트 합성 전단벽 시스템에 대한 실험적 연구

이원준 ( Lee Wonjun ),김민수 ( Kim Minsu ),웨이장 ( Wei Zhang ),이득행 ( Lee Deuckhang ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2021 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.25 No.1

건축물 내진설계기준(KDS 41 17 00)이 개정됨에 따라 지하구조물에 대한 내진설계는 필수적으로 수행되어야 한다. 현행실무에서 주로 사용하고 있는 지하연속벽의 경우 1차 벽체(Primary Wall)와 2차 벽체(Secondary Wall)가 합성될 수 없으며, 이에 따라서 현행 설계기준에 따라서 내진설계되기 어렵다. 이 연구에서는 PC(Precast concrete)공법에 적합한 다양한 수직접합상세를 개발하였으며, 이에 대한 실대형 실험을 수행하였다. 또한, 기존의 비합성 연속벽체와 제안된 PC공법의 내진성능을 비교 및 평가하였다.

Diesel Surrogate 상세 반응 기구를 이용한 HCCI 엔진의 연소 특성에 관한 수치해석 연구

이원준(Wonjun Lee),이승로(Seungro Lee),이창언(Chang-Eon Lee) 한국연소학회 2011 한국연소학회지 Vol.16 No.2

Homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) is the best concept able to provide low NOx and PM in diesel engine emissions. This new alternative combustion process is mainly controlled by chemical kinetics in comparison with the conventional combustion in internal combustion engine. In this paper, combustion characteristics of HCCI engine with suggested diesel surrogate(heptane/toluene mixture fuel) reaction mechanism were numerically investigated by heptane/toluene mixture ratio and EGR ratio. As results, the ignition timing became faster with increasing of heptane, and an initial oxidation and the ignition timing of the mixture fuel were affected by heptane and toluene, respectively.