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1960년대 초 중국외교 좌경화의 원인 — 마오쩌둥의 권력 장악력을 중심으로 —
이요셉(Joseph Lee) 중국근현대사학회 2021 중국근현대사연구 Vol.92 No.-
In the summer and fall of 1962, Mao Zedong, emphasizing the importance of class struggle, turned Chinese foreign policy from the pragmatic diplomacy during the 1950s to the left. The Great Leap Forward, a radical economic campaign focusing on steel production together with collectivization of farming, brought about the greatest famine and economic fiasco, which in turn severely weakened Mao Zedong’s political authority. Moreover, the bottom-up demands advocating for easing of tension with the Soviet Union and United States in foreign policy further aggravated Mao’s political standing. Facing these pressing conditions in domestic and foreign policy, Mao deliberately designed “Anti-Imperialism, Anti-Revisionism and Anti-Reactionaries” in order to preserve his grip on power. “Anti-Imperialism” subdued the demands for the peaceful coexistence with the United States, “Anti-Revisionism” targeted Liu Shaoqi, the head of state and a designated successor of Mao, advocating an ease of tension with the Soviet Union, and “Anti-Reactionaries” was a spear wielding against those who criticized the Great Leap Forward asking for economic liberalization. In conclusion, for Mao, the retention of power was a predominant consideration over the national interest and it was a driving force for the left-turn of Chinese foreign policy in the early 1960s.
백요셉(Joseph Baek),이인선(In-Seon Lee),이삼빈(Sam-Pin Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2002 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.31 No.4
비지로부터 두 균주를 순수분리하여 동정한 결과 Ent. faecium LL과 L. rhamnosus LS로 확인되었다. 분리된 균을 대두 미세분말용액에서 발효정도를 알아보기 위하여 pH, 산도, 생균수 및 유기산 함량을 측정하였다. Ent. faecium LL은 대두미세분말 용액에서 발효시 pH 4.9, 산도 0.38%, 생균수 1.8×10^9 CFU/mL로 젖산생성 및 높은 생균수를 나타내었다. L. rhamnosus LS는 대두미세분말 용액에서는 4.6×10^8 CFU/mL의 생균수를 나타냈지만 젖산의 생성은 매우 미흡하였다. 그러나 대두미세분말 용액에 당을 첨가하거나 skim milk를 첨가할 때 산생성이 급격히 증가되었다. 대두미세분말과 skim milk 4 : 1 혼합액에서 Ent. faecium LL과 L. rhamnosus LS에 의한 젖산발효는 37oC에서 20시간 안에 curd를 형성하였으며, 각각 0.33% 및 0.77%의 산도와 10^8~10^9 CFU/mL 정도의 생균수를 보였다. HPLC 분석에서 생성된 젖산의 농도는 L. rhamnosus LS가 600 mg%로 Ent. faecium LL의 350 mg%보다 높았다. Two microorganisms isolated from soybean curd residue (biji) were identified as Enterococcus faecium (51% homology) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (99.5% homology) by using gram positive identification (GPI) card and API 50 CHL kit, respectively. Ent. faecium grew well in micronized full-fat soyflour (MFS) milk, indicating pH 4.9, 0.38% acidity and 1.8×10^9 CFU/mL of viable cell counts after fermentation for 20 hr. L. rhamnosus LL showed pH 6.5 and 4.6×10^8 CFU/mL viable cell counts, but enhanced acid production in MFS milk mixture fortified with skim milk or by the addition of 1% of glucose and lactose. On the other hand, Ent. faecium LL did not show increased acid production in MFS/skim milk and MFS milk fortified with sugar. The MFS/skim milk fermented by L. rhamnosus LS and Ent. faecium LL showed 600 mg% and 350 mg% lactic acid, respectively.