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이영석 ( Young Seog Lee ) 인도철학회 2012 印度哲學 Vol.0 No.34
According to the Samkhya philosophy, the world is manifested in three dimensions through two creations. Samkhykarika verse 52 explains the two creations as linga-sarga and bhava-sarga, and Yuktidipika explains the three dimensions as rupa, pravrtti, and phala. To use a computer metaphor, Larson understands that the linga-sarga and the rupa dimension would represent the hardware of the Samkhy system, and the bhava-sarga and the pravrtti dimension would represent the software. Both wares together generate a consequent, that is to say, pratyaya-sarga as the phala dimension. Yuktidipika explains that the pravrtti dimension is twofold: getting what is advantageous and avoiding what is disadvantageous. This division is related to a way of life by which what is advantageous leads to a moksa and what is disadvantageous brings about a bondha. There has not only eight bhava-s in the pravrtti dimension, but also five karma-yoni-s and five prana-s. Especially, the karma- yoni-s constitute different motive forces that stimulate an individual from the background to work in terms of nimitta-naimittika causation. Furthermore, they are more practical than bhava-s in terms of getting what is advantageous and avoiding what is disadvantageous for the final goal of moksa, because unlike the bhava-s, which are inherited and quite unconscious, the karma-yoni-s are conscious and dispositional possibility to transform the inherited disposition in any given life. Yuktidipika says that only avividisa is disadvantageous; the four other yoni-s are advantageous to the individual and generate dharma. On the other hand, Kramadipika describes them differently from Yuktidipika, asserting that except vividisa, which leads the individual to moka, the four other yoni-s are disadvantageous and bring about the bondha. This description of Kramadipika is in accord with Samkhyatattvayatharthyadipana and Samkhyasutravivarana. Concerning the origin of karma-yoni, we cannot decide that it is the invention of the later workers without any connection with the ancient literature of Samkhya. While Honda put the source of the five karma-yoni-s in the Bhagavadgita 18-13, Chakravarti takes a step beyond and insists that they were an important topic of discussion previous to Bhagavadgita, or contemporaneous to it at the latest. The descriptions on karma-yoni in the Samkhya literatures are not consistent, and its value has decreased little by little due to dependence on the practical method of Yoga philosophy. And yet, provided that moksa is the final goal of the individual, it might be proper to be more interested in the pravrtti dimension and the karma-yoni than in the rupa dimension which we cannot control and manage.
유한요소법을 이용한 용접열영향부의 균열진전 및 샤르피 흡수에너지 연구
장윤찬,이영석,Jang, Yun-Chan,Lee, Young-Seog 한국전산구조공학회 2009 한국전산구조공학회논문집 Vol.22 No.6
In this study, Charpy impact test and numerical studies were performed to examine the effects of failure behavior and energy absorption on the notch position. For this purpose, carbon steel plate(SA-516 Gr. 70) with thickness of 25mm usually used for pressure vessel was welded by SMAW(Shielded Metal-Arc Welding)method and specimens were fabricated from the welded plate. The Charpy impact tests were then performed with specimens having different notch positions varying within HAZ. A series of three-dimensional FE analysis which simulates the Charpy test and crack propagation are carried out as well. We divided HAZ into two, three and four regions to apply mechanical properties of HAZ to FE-analys. Results reveal that the absorbed energies during impact test depend significantly on the notch position. To obtain the results of reliability, HAZ should be divided into at least three regions. 본 논문은 샤르피 충격실험과 유한요소법를 이용하여 노치위치에 따른 파괴거동과 흡수에너지의 영향을 평가하였다. 본 연구자는 쉴드메탈아크 용접방법으로 두께가 25mm인 압력용기용강(SA-516 Gr. 70)을 용접하였고, 이 용접된 평판으로 샤르피 시편을 제작하였다. 샤르피 충격실험에서는 용접열영향부(HAZ)에서 노치위치가 다른 시편이 사용되었다. 그리고 본 연구자는 유한요소법을 이용하여 샤르피 충격실험에서의 균열진전을 모사하였다. 용접열영향부(HAZ)의 기계적 물성을 유한요소해석에 적용하기 위해 HAZ를 2개 영역, 3개 영역 그리고 4개 영역으로 나누었다. 본 연구결과에서는 샤르피 충격실험의 흡수에너지가 노치위치에 의존적이라는 것을 보여주었다. 또한 샤르피 용접시편에서 신뢰성 있는 유한요소해석 결과를 얻기 위해서는 용접열영향부를 적어도 3개 이상의 영역으로 나누어야 한다는 결과를 얻었다.