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Korean FDI in Russia - Closer View of Korean FDI in Primorsky Krai-
이영련,Svetlana Vasileveskaya 한국동북아경제학회 2012 동북아경제연구 Vol.24 No.4
Russia is one of the eight largest economies in the world and has many attractive factors for foreign investors. Inward FDI flows into Russia have grown because of rising fuel prices since 2003, reaching 4.5 percent of the GDP in 2008. However, an unfavorable investment climate due to such as bad public governance and natural resources dependence remain as problems for foreign investors, as well as the Russian economy. Korean FDI outflows in Russia have increased rapidly from 2006, reaching 428 million US dollars in 2008 even though the share is only 1.4 percent of the total Korean FDI outflow. Manufacturing is the most attractive industry for Korean investors in Russia accounting for 62 percent of FDI stock as of March 2011. Beginning in 1990s, Primorsky Krai was the first region of Russia to develop economic relations with Korean enterprises. Korea has been one of the largest investors and foreign trade partners in Primorsky Krai. The total accumulated Korean FDI in the region was US$126.95 million as of September 2009. There were 76 Korean FDI enterprises in 2007. But Korean investors’ short-term view of investment without considering the spillover effects on domestic industries and the Primorsky government’s inefficient FDI policies caused unfavorable results for both Korean investors and the Primorsky region. Therefore, Korean FDI has decreased in the region. However, WTO accession of Russia in 2012 and Russian government’s development strategy considering the FDI as an important factor of economic advancement will give new opportunity for the Korean FDI in Russia. Federal government has outlined its objectives for FDI in the “3+5” formula, which builds on three national strengths and addresses five challenges. A ten-step plan to improve the investment climate was initiated as well. The Primorsky Krai government also adopted a program to improve the investment climate, and initiated ambitious projects for attracting foreign investment Korea also is increasing its investment concern including energy, ICT, and service sector in Russia. To maximize the mutual benefits of Korean FDI in Russia including Primorsky region, both Korea and Russia should implement effective policies. At regional level, it would be beneficial to set up a consortium of the Primorsky government (IPAs), the Korean authorities in Vladivostok, and universities and research institutes in both countries.
Policy Implications for Inclusive Growth in the Republic of Korea
이영련,이승윤 한국경제연구학회 2013 Korea and the World Economy Vol.14 No.3
Korea has achieved rapid economic growth and social development with relatively less inequality in the last five decades. Since 1997, however, income inequality and polarization in the economy have increased while the potential growth rate has decreased. Therefore, Korea faces two intertwined fundamental challenges of sustaining economic growth and ameliorating bipolarization. This paper analyzes the status of the Korean economy in terms of five inclusive growth indicators — productive employment, income inequality and poverty, human capital, social protection, and financial exclusion. In addition, this paper explains microcredit programs in Korea and suggests policy implications for inclusive growth to respond to those challenges.
글로벌기업의 내부거래에 따른 권리사용료 과세에 관한 사례연구
이영련,김태인 한국무역연구원 2010 무역연구 Vol.6 No.4
Purpose of this study presents standard of judgment and desirable analysis direction about 'condition of the sale of the goods' for loyalty taxation in global corporation's internal transaction by trademarks and company name using contract. The results of this study are two as follows:The first, buyer must have the right of choice of goods purchase. These contents are written clearly in contract or must be true that exercise the right of choice from third party. The second, when there are special relationships, royalty disbursement must see as 'condition of the sale of the goods' even if sales contract and royalty contract exist separatively. Royalty disbursement are written clearly in contract or should exists by recording. Therefore, the customs authorities will have to apply two standard of judgment of wide sense in judgment of 'condition of the sale of the goods' in global corporation's internal transaction.