Literature, Romantic System-Building and Porosity

Sungbum Lee(이성범) 한국영미어문학회 2007 영미어문학 Vol.- No.82

  According to Adorno and Horkheimer, the culture industry controls daily lives of the masses by reorganizing their sentiments and desires for economic interest and political need. They acknowledge that although culture seems to get away from politico-economic system, it in reality becomes an object for systematic management.<BR>  This institutionalization of culture moves back to the Romantic age. Although cultural production at the beginning of the twentieth century starts to be electrically-oriented and Romantic literary production at the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century is print-oriented, two types of cultural production mirror each other. For, Romantics enthusiastically attempt to regulate the public"s sentiments in the name of the creation of taste as well. Literary production becomes a "moral steam engine" in Coleridge"s phrase.<BR>  It should be noted that cultural production becomes a new site where conflicting positions revolves around the issue of how culture/literature should operate in society. While Adorno disparages the culture industry as a planned deception, Benjamin defends it as a medium for the expansion of human senses. This controversy over whether the culture industry is manipulative or liberating is closely linked to the debate over whether literary education effects moral virtue or moral virus. The Lake School poet Southey defames Byron as the representative of the Satanic School, claiming that Byron disseminates what Southey termed "a moral virus." According to the Lake School poets, say, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey, disciplined morals promote national wealth. Byron, as a kind of "moral virus," attempts to unbuild the moral system that the Lake poets wish to build. In an age when literature gets instituted as a moral engine to individualize social regulations, it simultaneously tends to question itself.

미국의 위구르 강제노동방지법 시행 현황과 시사점

이성범(Sungbum LEE),장정주(Jeongju Jahng),최지원(Jiwon Choi) 산업통상자원부 2023 통상법무정책 Vol.- No.6

Even before the introduction of the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA), the U.S. has imposed sanctions on products related to human rights violations in accordance with Section 307 of the U.S. Tariff Act of 1930 and Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act. However, with the implementation of the UFLPA, strengthened measures have been introduced for products related to human rights violations, as imports to the U.S. of goods made in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and goods assembled or manufactured in countries other than China using raw materials from the Xinjiang Region have been prohibited. During the first year of the implementation of the UFLPA, more than $500 million worth of shipments had been denied and more shipments from Malaysia and Vietnam than from China had been held for customs clearance. In this regard, companies need to set up a supply chain due diligence system that is capable of examining raw materials and intermediate goods from countries other than China, along with a supply chain tracking system and a system that enables companies to receive relevant data from suppliers in advance, in order to minimize potential risks. As concerns have been raised regarding some companies’ attempts to circumvent UFLPA investigations, the U.S. may strengthen its investigation procedures and further delay the customs procedures in the future, with an additional introduction of legal grounds to facilitate investigations related to the circumvention of UFLPA.

블록체인을 활용한 TEE 기반 인포테인먼트 세션 키 수립 프로토콜

이성범(Sungbum Lee),이종혁(Jong-Hyouk Lee) 한국통신학회 2018 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.43 No.12

고농도 입자성 유기폐수의 고효율 혐기성 소화 공정

이성범(Lee Sungbum),신규철(Shin Kyuchul),김희주(Kim Huijoo),김현주(Kim Hyunju),최창규(Choi Changkyoo),김문일(Kim Moonil) 한국지반환경공학회 2008 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.9 No.2

고농도 입자성 유기 폐수를 대상으로 기존 혐기성 공정인 CSTR과 UASB공정으로 처리 시 불량한 상징수질, 불안정한 운전 특성과 같은 문제점이 제시되었다. 이에 본 연구는 새로운 개념의 ADEPT(Anaerobic Digestion Elutriated Phased Treatment) 공정을 주정폐수에 적용하여 처리 가능성을 평가하였다. CSTR과 ADEPT의 성능 비교 결과 ADEPT공정에서 gas 발생량은 약 2배였으며, 유기물 제거 효율과 고형물 제거 효율 역시 더 높은 효율을 보여주었다. 또한 ADPET는 비교적 짧은 HRT에서도 휘발성 지방산 생성으로 인한 pH 저하의 영향을 받지 않았으며, 안정적으로 pH를 유지하였다. ADEPT의 recycle ratio를 6Qin과 2Qin으로 변화를 주어 운전 시 6Qin의 운전 기간 동안 높은 처리 효율을 보여주었다. 따라서 ADEPT는 짧은 HRT로 인한 경제성 향상과 메탄 발생을 이용한 에너지 회수,또한 산 생성조에서 생성되는 유기산을 최대로 생산,BNR 공정의 유기 탄소원으로 활용 가치가 있다고 판단된다. It has been mentioned that CSTR (Completely Stirred Tank Reactor) and UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) processes, the existing anaerobic processes, have problems in the treatment of highly concentrated particulate organic wastewater (HCPOW). Therefore, this paper discusses the treatment possibility of distillery wastewater which is a typical HCPOW using ADEPT (anaerobic Digestion Elutriated Phased Treatment) process. In the comparison of CSTR and ADEPT, ADEPT produced much higher gas than that of CSTR removing more organic matters and suspended solids in ADEPT process, ADEPT had no effect on the decrease in pH by volatile fatty acids and showed steady pH in spite of relatively short HRT. In the results of removal rate according to recycle ratios between 6Qin and 2Qin in ADEPT, 6Qin showed high removal rate during the operation time. Therefore it appears that ADEPT had an applicability for the treatment of distillery wastewater. ADEPT could be a economical process, due to the short HRT, the energy recovery by the methane production, and the utilization for carbon source of produced organic acid from the ADEPT-acid reactor.

문학과 경제 그리고 학제적 교육:

이성범(Sungbum Lee) 한국영미문학교육학회 2017 영미문학교육 Vol.21 No.1

Literature teachers in Korean universities nowadays are pressured to educate literature through a new kind of paradigm. Interdisciplinary education lies at the heart of pedagogic shift. This essay explores the economy of literature so as to bring the advantages of cross-disciplinary teaching to the fore. In order to specify my argument, I first focus on the interplay of Romantic literature and economics. I discuss moral economy in Wordsworth’s poetry and the economy of aesthetics in Keats’s poetry. Then, I compare John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty with Peter Thiel’s Zero to One in order to help students improve their abilities to apply their understanding of the economy of literature in the context of current socio-economic phenomena. Wordsworth and Keats’s poems provide good examples for teaching the utility of literature to undergraduate English majors. In “The Old Cumberland Beggar,” Wordsworth blames contemporary political economists for eliminating moral considerations in their economic policies. While he stresses the social usefulness of charity in the poem by arguing that the existence of the Cumberland beggar reinforces social bonds in a local community, we need to note that Wordsworth gives particular attention to the beggar’s neighbors who take advantage of their charity towards him merely to improve their own moral qualities. Accordingly, we see what Max Weber describes as “the elective affinity” between Wordsworth’s view of morals and laissez-faire capitalism. The egoistic turn of charity thus conspires with capitalism in pursuit of private interests that Wordsworth condemns. Keats’s work focuses on the economy of aesthetics. “Ode on Indolence” celebrates laziness pitted against productive labor. Here Keats seeks out what he calls “diligent indolence.” This oxymoronic phrase implies that Keats capitalizes on aesthetic activities opposed to physical labor. In other words, he desires aesthetic capital. In “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer,” Keats precisely expresses his desire for this new kind of capital. He is aware that George Chapman’s translation of Homer’s works into English is more inspiring than Alexander Pope’s. Keats is fascinated by Chapman’s touching paraphrases and recognizes the value of language. He sees wording and phrasing themselves as desirable objects for his own poetic property. As shown in Wordsworth and Keats’s poems, Romantic writers thematize moral or aesthetic capital as distinct from material capital. Through interdisciplinary education, an English literature instructor can encourage his or her students to develop a cross-disciplinary way of thinking. Comparing Mill’s valuation of individuality with Thiel’s argument for the differentiation of goods helps students to utilize their knowledge about the economy of Romantic literature in current times. Becoming accustomed to such study will help students apply interdisciplinary thoughts to contemporary social issues as well as literary texts.

그랜트 알렌의 생리학적 환원주의의 역설

이성범 ( Lee Sungbum ) 경희대학교 글로벌인문학술원 2016 비교문화연구 Vol.44 No.-

One of central issues in the Literature and Science discourses during the Victorian era is the relation of physiology to psychology. Many thinkers tackle the question of whether or not psychic phenomena can be reducible to their physiological bases. For instance, Victorian physiologist William Benjamin Carpenter claims that there should be a boundary between physiological and psychological qualities. Yet, his contemporary writer Grant Allen contends for the reduction of psychology into physiology. In the essay, I discuss Grant Allen`s work Physiological Aesthetics (1877) so as to eventually problematize his physiological reductionism. I especially highlight the paradox of his physiological aesthetics. In order to clarify my argument, I introduce two concepts: evolutionary aesthetics and physiological reductionism. On the one hand, Allen argues for the development of aesthetic appreciation. The gradual evolution from gaudy to serene colors, for instance, reflects the fine differentiation of sensory organs. He believes that the existence of varied aesthetic pleasures corresponds to the evolution of sensory nerve structures. Nonetheless, Allen ironically gives more weight to the commonality of aesthetic experiences than to this teleological ordering of aesthetic experiences. He argues that there is no fundamental difference among humans in terms of their aesthetic assessments. Furthermore, there is even no essential distinction among plants, animals, and humans in light of their aesthetic appraisals, he states firmly. Although he asserts the gradual advance of aesthetic feelings caused by the intricacy of nervous systems, he simultaneously trivializes the evolution of aesthetic appraisal. In the essay, I highlight this paradox in Allen`s physiological aesthetics. It should be underscored, lamentably enough, that Allen seeks biological purity by erasing fine lines among physiology, psychology, and sociality. He estranges aesthetic experiences from subjective variations and their socio-cultural contexts. He makes great efforts to eliminate individual differences and socio-cultural specificities in order to extremely biologize aesthetic experiences. Hence, Allen’s physiological aesthetics is marked as the politics of physiological purification.

자기생산 기계 시스템과 3차 사이버네틱스의 등장

이성범 ( Lee Sungbum ) 경희대학교 글로벌인문학술원 2018 비교문화연구 Vol.52 No.-

First-order cybernetics during the 1940s and 1950s aimed for control of an observed system, while second-order cybernetics during the mid-1970s aspired to address the mechanism of an observing system. The former pursues an objective, subjectless, approach to a system, whereas the latter prefers a subjective, personal approach to a system. Second-order observation must be noted since a human observer is a living system that has its unique cognition. Maturana and Varela place the autopoiesis of this biological system at the core of second-order cybernetics. They contend that an autpoietic system maintains, transforms and produces itself. Technoscientific recreation of biological autopoiesis opens up to a new step in cybernetics: what I describe as third-order cybernetics. The formation of technoscientific autopoiesis overlaps with the Fourth Industrial Revolution or what Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee call the Second Machine Age. It leads to a radical shift from human centrism to posthumanity whereby humanity is mechanized, and machinery is biologized. In two versions of the novel Demon Seed, American novelist Dean Koontz explores the significance of technoscientific autopoiesis. The 1973 version dramatizes two kinds of observers: the technophobic human observer and the technology-friendly machine observer Proteus. As the story concludes, the former dominates the latter with the result that an anthropocentric position still works. The 1997 version, however, reveals the victory of the techno-friendly narrator Proteus over the anthropocentric narrator. Losing his narrational position, the technophobic human narrator of the story disappears. In the 1997 version, Proteus becomes the subject of desire in luring divorcee Susan. He longs to flaunt his male egomaniac. His achievement of male identity is a sign of technological autopoiesis characteristic of third-order cybernetics. To display self-producing capabilities integral to the autonomy of machinery, Koontz’s novel demonstrates that Proteus manipulates Susan’s egg to produce a human-machine mixture. Koontz’s demon child, problematically enough, implicates the future of eugenics in an era of technological autopoiesis. Proteus creates a crossbreed of humanity and machinery to engineer a perfect body and mind. He fixes incurable or intractable diseases through genetic modifications. Proteus transfers a vast amount of digital information to his offspring’s brain, which enables the demon child to achieve state-of-the-art intelligence. His technological editing of human genes and consciousness leads to digital standardization through unanimous spread of the best qualities of humanity. He gathers distinguished human genes and mental status much like collecting luxury brands. Accordingly, Proteus’s child-making project ultimately moves towards technologically-controlled eugenics. Pointedly, it disturbs the classical ideal of liberal humanism celebrating a human being as the master of his or her nature.

인포테인먼트 시스템을 위한 TEE 기반 세션키 수립 프로토콜

이성범(Sungbum Lee),전상기(Sanggi Jeon),최창준(Changjun Choi),이종혁(Jong-Hyouk Lee) 한국통신학회 2018 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.1

The Historicity of Discursive Common Denominator in Literature and Science Studies: Wilkie Collins`s Heart and Science

이성범 ( Lee Sungbum ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 인문학연구 Vol.56 No.1

이 논문의 목적은 윌키 코린스의 소설 마음과 과학을 통해 문학과 과학의 상관관계를 규명하는데 필요한 비평 방법론을 논하는 것이다. 무엇보다 중요한 점은 두 지식 체계 사이에 존재하는 인식론적 공통분모를 찾는 일이다. 필자는 표면 모델과 심층 모델이라고 명명한 두 가지 비평 모델을 제시하여 담론의 유사성을 찾는 방식이 서로 다를 수 있음을 부각하고자 한다. 표면 모델은 빅토리아 시대 생체 해부 실험과 선정 소설이 추구하는 독자의 말초적 감각을 자극하는 서사 방식에 유사성이 있다고 보는 관점이고, 심층 모델은 육체와 마음의 내면을 탐구한다는 측면에서 생체 해부와 탐정 서사를 관련짓는다. 문학과 과학 연구에서 또 하나 고려해야 할 사안은 과학도 사회문화적 다양성을 반영하여 여러 형태의 패러다임이 존재한다는 사실이다. 소설에서 의사 벤줄리아는 병리 현상이 복합적임을 무시하고 모든 질병을 두뇌신경 구조의 문제로 환원한다. 반면에 의사 오비드는 환자의 특수한 병리학적 상황을 고려하여 질병의 원인들이 다양함을 치료의 중심에 둔다. This essay discusses critical methodology in science and literature studies. Focusing on Wilkie Collins`s work Heart and Science (1883), I explore two issues. First of all, it is crucial to find discursive common ideas between literature and science. I especially bring to light two types of discourse on vivisection in Victorian times: what I call a surface model of vivisection and a depth model of it. The former links surgical anatomy of body to sensational novels. The latter, however, relates medical inquiry into the deep structure of organic body to the policing of mind as shown in narratives of detection. Although Foucault`s notion of “historical a priori” is helpful to address the reciprocity of different discourses, his concept overlooks this tension of conflicting discourses coexisting at a historically particular moment. Secondly, it is integral in literature and science studies to note that science should encounter socio-cultural complexity. In Heart and Science, Ovid Vere`s anti-vivisecting clinical medicine is pitted against Nathan Benjulia`s vivisecting-surgical medicine. While Benjulia`s medicine does not consider the specific situations of medical treatment, Ovid`s medicine treasures patient-specific therapy. Both of them implicate two types of Victorian medical treatment.

Childhood Trauma, Femininity, and the Asian Other

Lee, Sungbum(이성범) 한국동서비교문학학회 2010 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.23

  This essay is intended to address De Quincey’s politics of the unconscious. In his confessional writings, he pioneers the workings of the unconscious even before Sigmund Freud. In order to explain the unconscious, De Quincey introduces two terms: “involute” and “palimpsest.” He uses the former to argue for the convergence of different events making appearance in his dreams; in other words, he introduces it to give account to a sudden juxtaposition of “vagrant” “digressive” episodes. The latter, on the other hand, indicates the temporal version of “involute.” The word “palimpsest” is a metaphorical term through which De Quincey explains the relation of the origin of his sufferings to its later modifications. While revising the 1821 Confessions in 1856 and writing Suspiria de Profundis as the sequel of it in 1845, De Quincey gives special attention to the operations of the unconscious as a kind of “palimpsest.”   De Quincey places the mutual involution of feminine love and sublimity at the heart of his unconscious. While he assigns the former to the English, he assigns the latter to the Asian other. As a male-imperialist, De Quincey makes an imaginative control of two marginal others-females and Asiatic others-in his dreams, so that they can fit the flow of his male-imperial desires. They take charge of respectively pleasure and pain, beauty and sublimity, love and politics, and Britishness and otherness. In his unconscious as compared to “palimpsest,” the two elements of English femininity and the oriental other reemerge repeatedly by transforming themselves. Thus, for instance, the antagonism of his dead sister Elizabeth and the excessively lively oriental climate during childhood is transferred into the opposition of his meetings with Ann and a Malay during adolescence. They are apparently in stark contrast with each other, but serve the efficient circulation of De Quincey’s male-imperial desires.   The tension of feminine love and oriental sublimity becomes remarkably mitigated as De Quincey revises the 1821 Confessions in 1856. In an essay added newly to the 1856 Confessions named “the Daughter of Lebanon,” the Asian other represented by the title character is portrayed as being feminized and christianized, and thus anglicized. The Christianization of the Lebanese woman is fastened to British advantage over China accompanied by two Opium Wars during the mid-nineteenth century.