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국내 전철 및 가전제품을 대상으로 한 전자장 수준 실태조사
장성기 ( Seong Ki Jang ),조용성 ( Yong Sung Cho ),이석조 ( Seok Jo Lee ),유승화 ( Seong Wha Yoo ),정경미 ( Kyung Mi Jung ),임준호 ( Jun Ho Lim ) 한국산업위생학회 2005 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.15 No.1
The purposes of this study was to collect, analyze, and describe the MF exposure levels from subways in Korea and to measure and evaluate the MF levels generated from electric appliances used at general homes. The target subway lines were Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 to Line 8, Bundang Line, Incheon Line, Daegu Line, Gwangju Line, and Busan Line 1 and Line 2. We measured at each station in those subway lines and, all the train types (pantograph-equipped, motor-equipped, and common), and platform types(facing and isolating) were investigated by the distance(80, 200, 400 cm) from the train on 19 targeted subway lines using 3 magnetic field measuring devices (EMDEX Ⅱ, Enertech Co.) during the survey from January till October, 2004. On the other hand, the levels of the 60Hz magnetic fields generated from 14 items of home electric appliances such as electric blankets, hair dryers, electric razors, etc. were measured at 10 general homes using 5 EMDEX Ⅱ meters with a sampling interval of 1.5 second by the distance(surface, 30, 50, 100, 300 cm) from the target electric appliances. The survey results in the whole subway lines examined in this study were as follows; Seoul Metropolitan Line 4 using AC(alternating current) power source showed the highest mean value of 2.85 μT, followed by Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 running between Seoul and Incheon using AC(2.78 μT), Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 between Seoul and Uijongbu using AC(2.73 μT), Bundang Line using AC(1.79 μT), Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 connected from Yongsan using AC(1.67 μT), Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 between Seoul and Suwon using AC(0.79 μT), and so on. In general, the intensity of the magnetic field in the subway systems in Korea was significantly higher when using AC(2.14±0.91 μT) than when using DC(0.29±0.44 μT) power source. Among the home electric appliances examined, microwave ovens showed the highest mean value of 7.69 μT, followed by hair dryers(6.47 μT), vacuum cleaners(5.27 μT), televisions (2.26 μT), electric blankets(1.38 μT), personal computers (0.81 μT), and so on. Two items of electric appliances showed the excess value of 0.2 μT at the distance of 30cm in the MF exposure level; electric razors 1.58±2.13 μT and vacuum cleaners 0.48±0.44 μT. As a whole, this study showed a tendency that the shift of the MF levels according to the increase of distance from the electric appliances was lower than those of the results surveyed in UK and USA. As a result, this study is expected to suggest meaningful data for the future study in exposure assessment of magnetic fields and for the establishment of guidelines for subways and electric appliances in Korea. More detailed and large scaled exposure assessment studies should be performed continuously to get the various and useful information on health risk assessment of MFs in Korea.
공부주(Boo-Ju Kong),김상균(Sang-Kyun Kim),박진수(Jin-Soo Park),이상덕(Sang-Duk Lee),김종춘(Jong-Choon Kim),김정수(Jung-Soo Kim),이동원(Dong-Won Lee),이석조(Seok-Jo Lee),신은상(Eun-Sang Shin) 한국환경관리학회 2010 環境管理學會誌 Vol.16 No.2
본 연구는 배경지역 미세먼지의 질량 및 성분 연속측정데이터의 신뢰성 확보 및 물리ㆍ화학적 특성파악을 통한 생성과정 규명, 에피소드/기상 조건에 따른 미세먼지의 농도 및 화학적 특성 파악을 통하여 배경대기지역 입자상 물질의 구성 특성을 파악하였다. 그 결과 백령도의 2009년 1∼10월 먼지 질량농도는 PM₁?은 중량법으로 52.6 ㎍/㎥, 베타레이법 53.2 ㎍/㎥, PM2.5는 중량법으로 24.0 ㎍/㎥, 베타레이법으로 19.6 ㎍/㎥으로 나타났다. 그리고 중금속 성분의 실시간 연속측정 결과와 여지(filter) 분석 결과는 XRF 측정결과가 ICP-MS 분석결과보다 약간 높게 측정되었으나, 일별 월별 평균치의 변동경향은 유사하였다. 평상시의 백령도 PM2.5 성분은 다른 지역에 비해 SO₄²? 성분 비율이 높고, NO₃? 성분 비율은 낮은 편이었다. 입경별 질량분포 측정결과 중위경은 320 ㎚ 이었으며, 평상시는 입경 1.8 ㎛ 이하 미세입자 영역이 PM₁? 질량농도의 약 70% 이상을 차지하였다. 금속 성분은 1.8 ㎛ 이상의 조대영역에서 Fe, Mg, Ca 성분의 농도가 높았다. 이온 성분은 SO₄²?, NH₄? 성분은 주로 입경 1.8 ㎛ 이하의 초미세입자 영역, NO₃? 성분은 입경 1.8 ㎛ 이상의 조대입자 영역에서 많이 존재하였다. PM2.5 구성성분 특성은 백령도가 수도권 다른 지역에 비해 양이온 성분, OC 성분이 약간 많은 부분을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. The concentration levels of PM in Baengnyeong-do during January~October 2009 show that PM₁? was 52.6 ㎍/㎥ by gravimetric method and 53.2 ㎍/㎥ by β-ray method, while PM2.5 was 24.0 ㎍/㎥ by gravimetric method and 19.6 ㎍/㎥ by β-ray method. The result of a quasi-real time monitoring instrument and lab filter analysis show that the continuos monitoring instrument XRF’s estimates were slightly higher than the ones from ICP-MS, but the trend of daily variations were similar. Fe, Pb, and Mg had a high correlation, while the correlation between As, Cr, and Se was relatively low. In the analysis of ion elements in PM2.5 concentration, SO₄²? was higher in Baengnyeong-do than in other regions, while NO₃? was lower. In high concentration cases, heavy metal concentration among PM10 elements and anion content(%) in PM2.5 increased rapidly. For Ion components in diameter in usual times, SO₄²? and NH4+ accounted for large amounts of all. SO₄²? and NH₄? components existed mostly as ultrafine particles below 1.8 ㎛ in diameter, while NO₃? was present mostly as corse particles above 1.8 ㎛ in diameter. OC concentration in PM2.5 ranged between 3.5∼8.4 ㎍/㎥, whereas the concentration of EC was between 0.7∼2.3 ㎍/㎥.
Regional Scale 산성강하물의 장기변동 특성과 생태계 영향조사
신아윤(Ah-Yoon Shin),성민영(Min-Young Sung),안준영(Joon-Young Ahn),김종춘(Jong-Choon Kim),김정수(Jung-Soo Kim),이석조(Seok-Jo Lee),손정석(Jung-Seok Son),Arun Kumar Reddy Loka 한국환경관리학회 2010 環境管理學會誌 Vol.16 No.2
본 연구의 최종 목적은 전국적으로 지속적인 산성강하물질의 모니터링을 위한 표준화된 측정과 분석을 통한 자료 축적과 연구로 산성강하물에 대한 현상을 이해하고 원인을 규명하며, 산림 생태계를 중심으로 생태계에 미치는 영향을 평가할 수 있는 실측 농도를 근거로 한 국가자료를 지속적으로 확보하고, EANET 자료를 활용하여 우리나라 뿐만 아니라 동아시아 지역 산성강하물의 장기간 변화 경향을 파악하여 습성강하물의 분석 결과 2004~2009년 전국 연평균 pH는 4.8~4.9로 약산성이며 음이온 성분은 SO₄²?가 2.13~3.30 ㎎/L로 가장 높고 양이온 성분은 NH₄?가 0.63~0.85 ㎎/L로 가장 높은 농도로 나타났다. 산성(건성+습성)강하물 침적량 산정결과, 전체 황 침적량은 1.13~2.02 g/㎡ㆍyr이었으며 질소 침적량은 1.29~2.58 g/㎡ㆍyr로 나타났다. This study aims to understand chemical characteristics of wet and dry deposition, and trends of atmospheric concentration and deposition in Korea. To conduct long-term monitoring of acid deposition, rainfall and PM2.5 samples were collected at 38 monitoring sites and analyzed to detect pH, conductivity, and major ionic components including SO₄²?, Cl?, NO₃?, NH₄?, Na?, K?, Ca²? and Mg²?, as well as mass concentration of fine particles (PM2.5). From the analysis, we can observe the trends of acid deposition, deposition amount of each element, and total acid depositions in Korea. The volume weighted annual mean pH of precipitation in Korea was 4.9. The volume weighted annual mean concentrations of SO₄²?, NO₃?, Cl? were 2.21, 1.23, 1.39 ㎎/L respectively, indicating that SO₄²? was the major contributor, followed by NO₃? and Cl?. In the case of cation, annual mean concentration for NH₄?, Na?, K?, Ca²?, Mg²?, and H? are 0.66, 0.67, 0.28, 0.15, 0.11, 0.02 ㎎/L. Annual wet deposition rate for SO₄²?, NO₃?, and NH₄? were 2.61, 1.45, 0.77 g/㎡ㆍyr respectively. The results show that daily averaged mass concentration of PM2.5 is 27.5 ㎍/㎥ and mass concentrations for SO₄²?, NH₄?, and NO₃? are 4.94, 2.00, 2.08 ㎍/㎥ respectively, which account for 18.0%, 7.6% and 7.3% of the total PM2.5 mass concentration individually in the long term monitoring. During the measurement period, deposition velocity for SO₂, HNO₃, aerosol, NO₂, NH₃ was 0.24, 1.42, 0.17, 1.75, 1.75 ㎝/sec. The result shows that annual mean dry deposition rates for SO₂ in 2005~2009 were 0.32, 0.55, 0.56, 0.37, 0.27 S g/㎡ㆍyear, and for HNO₃ were 0.05, 0.11, 0.28, 0.22, 0.20 N g/m²ㆍyear, for NO₂ in 2007~2009 were 0.37, 0.41, 0.35 N g/㎡ㆍyear, and for NH₃ were 0.50, 0.43, and 0.59 N g/㎡ㆍyear. Dry deposition contributed about 29 percent of the total sulfur deposition, and 65 percent of the total nitrogen deposition. Critical load exceedance was estimated for three years (Oct. 2006~Oct. 2009) using mean depositions of nitrogen and sulfur, which shows that the impact of nitrogen was relatively higher than that of sulfur in the capital region and west coastal regions.