승용차용 연료전지 스택 개발

이종현(Lee, Jong-Hyun),금영범(Kum, Young-Bum),양유창(Yang, Yoo-Chang),김세훈(Kim, Sae-Hoon) 한국신재생에너지학회 2007 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.06

Hyundai{cdot}Kia Motors have developed PEMFC stack technologies for passenger car application in 1998. The developed 80kW class stack, which was installed Kia's Sportage FCV in 2005, has been modified for -10?C cold start-up and ensuring the stability and durability by using new technologies such as newly designed separator, manifold block, end plate, and so on. And also, the stack durability has been verified over 1,500hrs with the condition of combined vehicle driving mode. Hyundai{cdot}Kia Motors will keep continuing the stack R&D to reach the goal of FCV commercialization.

[동력전달계부문] 연료전지 하이브리드 추진차량 설계 기술

하종배(Jong-Bae Ha),이각섭(Kak-Seop Lee),박성용(Seong-Yong Park),박상근(Sang-Keun Park),금영범(Young-Bum Kum) 한국자동차공학회 2000 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Due to the environmental problems, automobile manufacturers are endeavoring to develop the hybrid fuel cell vehicle with superior characteristics in vehicle emission and fuel consumption. DAEWOO motor company has been developing fuel cell hybrid vehicle called DFCV -1. This paper is focussed on package, body and chassis systems for the pre-proto fuel cell hybrid vehicle with 10kw fuel cell stack and 50kw battery pack.

차량용 고분자전해질 연료전지의 냉시동 특성

고재준(Ko, Jae-Jun),권순길(Kwon, Soon-Kill),금영범(Kum, Young-Bum),이종현(Lee, Jong-Hyun) 한국신재생에너지학회 2007 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.11

The startup behaviour of PEM fuel cells at subfreeze zero is one of the most challenging tasks to be solved before PEM fuel cell vehicle is commercialized. Automotive companies are trying to increase cold statup capability of fuel cell. In this study, we found out the design factor of the stack to increase cold startup capability using 4kW stack and then cold startup test was performed at the various shutdown condition and the various current. In order to test the cold startup possibility and capability in vehicle, we installed 80kW stack in the vehicle and this 80kW fuel cell vehicle was housed in an environmental chamber to investigate the characteristics of cold startup and driving. We found that it is possible for fuel cell vehicle with 80kW stack to self-heated cold startup and drive at -15?C.

연료전지 차량용 고출력 분리판 개발

진상문(Sang Mun Jin),양유창(Yoo Chang Yang),금영범(Young Bum Kum),이종현(Jong Hyun Lee),김세훈(Sae Hoon Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2007 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The next generation bipolar plates for 100㎾ fuel cell stacks were developed with a concept based on the straight flow patterns to minimize the pressure drop, decrease flooding in the bipolar plate and maximize the stack power simultaneously. Cell performance tests, pressure and temperature distribution measurements were performed for various flow pattern combinations on the air, H2 and coolant sides. Results show that the stack performance and the power are increased by 12% and 400/0, respectively.

연결어미 ‘-ㄴᄃᆞᆯ’ 구문의 통시적 고찰

이금영(Lee Kum-young) 어문연구학회 2019 어문연구 Vol.101 No.-

본고는 그동안 주목받지 못한 연결어미 ‘-ㄴᄃᆞᆯ(>-ㄴ들)’ 구문이 중세 국어부터 근대 국어까지 어떠한 통사·의미적 특성을 가지고 있었으며, 그리고 어떠한 통시적 변화를 보이는지 고찰하였다. ‘-ㄴᄃᆞᆯ’ 구문은 특별히 주어 및 서술어 제약을 보이지 않으나 선어말어미는 존대법 ‘-시-, -ᅀᆞᆸ-’과 과거 시제 ‘-더-, -엇-’, 그리고 감동법 ‘-돗-’으로 제한되어 결합하는 양상을 보인다. 그리고 후행절로는 주로 수사의문문이 나타나지만 그 외에도 평서문이나 감탄문, 명령문의 예가 나타난다. 또한 ‘비록’뿐 아니라 ‘양보’나 ‘가정’ 또는 ‘조건’을 나타내는 다양한 부사와도 호응하여 나타난다. 기본적으로 연결어미 ‘-ㄴᄃᆞᆯ’ 구문은 선행절 명제를 사실로 인정하더라도 일반적으로 선행절의 상황에서 기대되는 결과가 후행절에서 어긋나게 되는 ‘양보’의 의미를 나타낸다. 그러나 문맥에 따라 ‘대립’이나 ‘가정’ 또는 ‘조건’의 의미를 나타낼 수 있으며, 특히 ‘-(엇)던ᄃᆞᆯ(>-었던들)’ 구문은 ‘양보’보다는 ‘반사실적 가정’의 의미를 나타내는 데 쓰였음을 고찰하였다. 또한 본고는 반사실적 가정의 ‘-던ᄃᆞᆯ’ 구문의 경우에는 18세기 이후 선행절뿐 아니라 후행절에도 과거 시제 선어말어미 ‘-엇(>었)-’이 결합되는 양상으로 변화하였음을 고찰하였다. 그리고 연결어미 ‘-ㄴᄃᆞᆯ’이 ‘ᄃᆞ’ 명사구 보문 구성에서 문법화된 것임을 바탕으로, ‘ᄃᆞ’ 명사구 보문 구성이 17세기 이전에 이미 소멸되었으며, 그로 인해 근대 국어에 나타나는 ‘-ㄹ딘ᄃᆞᆯ(>-ㄹ진들)’ 역시 ‘양보’의 의미를 나타내는 통합형 어미로 사용되었을 것으로 추정하였다. This study investigated syntactic and semantic properties of conjunctive ending ‘-ndʌl(>-ndeul)’ and the historical changes of ‘-ndʌl’ constructions from the 15th century to the 19th century. First, this study examined syntactic properties of ‘-ndʌl’ constructions in several aspects: subject and predicate constraints, preceding prefinal endings, mood of the following clause, and co-occurring adverbs. ‘-ndʌl’ constructions show no subject and predicate constraints, but ‘-ndʌl’’ follows a few prefinal endings, such as honorific ‘-si-, -zʌp-’, past tense ‘-deo-, -eos-’, and exclamatory ‘-dos-’. ‘-ndʌl’ clauses are mainly followed by rhetorical questions, but they can be followed by declarative, exclamatory, or ‘malda’ imperative sentences. Also, ‘-ndʌl’’ clauses often co-occur with a concessive adverb such as ‘birok’ and can co-occur with other adverbs that express ‘hypothesis’ or ‘condition’. Secondly, this study elucidated semantic properties of ‘-ndʌl’ constructions. ‘-ndʌl’ constructions have the meaning of ‘concession’; denial of expectation. However, ‘-ndʌl’ constructions can express an additional meaning of ‘opposition’, ‘hypothesis’ or ‘condition’ according to the context. ‘-(eos)deondʌl’ constructions, in particular, express counterfactual hypothesis. However, ‘-(eos)deondʌl’ constructions can express ‘concession’, although such a construction is rarely found. Lastly, this study demonstrated that counterfactual hypothesis expressions of ‘-deondʌl’ have undergone changes that past tense form ‘-eos’ is attached to a verb form in the following clause as well as the antecedent clause since the 18th century. Also, this study discussed that ‘-ndʌl’ noun complements would become obsolete before the 17th century and thus, ‘-ldi’ of ‘-ldindʌl/ljindeul’ would be considered as part of a compound conjunctive ending.

중국인 한국어 학습자를 위한 한ㆍ중 동형 한자어 대조 연구

이금영(Lee, Kum-Young) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2016 충청문화연구 Vol.17 No.-

This study attempted to show that some synonyms with the same letters can be used as a different part of speech in Chinese and Korean and explained that some errors exhibited by Chinese learners of Korean may be caused by the differences in part of speech in both language. In general, Chinese learners of Korean tend to benefit from having a solid understanding of same shaped Sino-Korean, especially synonyms with the same letters. However, some synonyms with the same letters can be used as a different part of speech which can affect the sentence structure or the word’s meaning or usage, and consequently lead Chinese learners to vocabulary errors. In particular, it is relatively difficult to differentiate parts of speech in Chinese since Chinese words can be usually used as various parts of speech with no change of form, which lead Chinese speakers to be unaware of the differences of parts of speech. Therefore, it is assumed that Chinese learners of Korean may have a difficulty in learning parts of speech in Korean and in building a sentence using the correct part of speech in the correct position. This study extracted 937 Sino-Korean synonyms with the same letters from 10 elementary textbooks which were published in National Institute of Korean Language and 5 different universities, and investigated parts of speech of the synonyms in both language. Chapter 3 presented the lists of vocabulary classified according to part of speech. The lists show that there are a great number of synonyms can function as a different part of speech, although many words can be used as a noun in both languages. Chapter 4 showed several types of errors that were assumed to be caused by differences of parts of speech in both languages. The errors were excerpted from 153 essays written by 64 Chinese learners at the elementary, intermediate, and advanced level who were studied in the Korean language institutes of 2 national universities, Chungnam and Kongju, during summer and fall semester 2016. Many errors exhibited by Chinese learners of Korean tell us that they have a difficulty in differentiate verbs from adjectives, intransitive verb from transitive verb, etc, and they are often affected by negative transfer of mother tongue. In conclusion, this study argues for the importance of teaching part of speech for Chinese learners of Korean. Therefore, further study needs to extend the scope of research to pure Korean as well as other Sino-Korean, and needs more detailed discussion on differences of part of speech in both languages and their effects on Chinese learners’ learning Korean words. Furthermore, further study needs to suggest an effective teaching method that helps Chinese learners acquire the ability to distinguish parts of speech in Korean and to build a proper sentence using the correct part of speech.

‘-코’계 부사의 통시적 연구

이금영(Lee Kum-young) 한글학회 2015 한글 Vol.- No.308

이 글은 ‘-코’계 부사의 통시적 변화 과정을 고찰하고 그 형태, 통사, 의미적 특성을 고찰하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 15세기부터 20세기까지의 말뭉치와 인터넷 신문, 여러 사전 자료를 바탕으로 총 27개의 ‘-코’계 부사의 목록을 확인하고 그 쓰임을 분석하였다. 중세국어에서는 ‘맹셰코’와 ‘잠잠코’의 두 예만 확인되나 18세기부터는 새로운 ‘-코’계 부사가 나타나는 등 그 쓰임이 확대되는데, 먼저 ‘당위 · 확실성’의 의미를 갖는 어휘에서 이와 유사성이 있는 ‘극단 · 과도성’, ‘시종성’, ‘의도성’의 의미를 갖는 어휘들과 이와 대립되는 의미를 갖는 어휘에까지 의미 영역이 확대되어 파생된 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 현대국어에서는 많은 부사가 소멸되고 새로 형성된 것은 ‘결사코’ 하나만 확인되었다. 그 간의 선행연구나 사전에서는 대체로 ‘-코’가 한자 어근이나 명사에 결합하여 부사를 형성하는 것으로 보고 있으나, ‘-코’가 결합하는 한자 어근 자체가 부사로도 기능하는 예들이 나타난다. 또한 ‘-코’를 어미로 보거나 ‘X□-+-고〉X코’의 통사적 구성에서 어휘화한 것으로 보는 논의가 있으나 그 통시적 변모과정을 확인하기 어려운 점, ‘X□-’ 형식이 존재하지 않는 부사가 있는 점, 현대국어에서는 소멸된 부사가 많다는 점 등을 들어 반박하고, ‘-코’를 부사 파생 접미사로 분석하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical change and the morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of adverb ‘-ko’ class. This study analyzed 27 adverbs by examining the data of the corpora 15th through 20th centuries, internet articles, and several dictionaries. There were only two adverbs, ‘m?yngsyeko’ and ‘j?mj?mko’ in the Medieval Korean, but the new adverbs of ‘-ko’ class occurred from 18<SUP>th</SUP> century. It is assumed that the new derivation started from combining ‘-ko’ with the words expressing ① ‘oughtness · certainty’ and then with the words whose meaning is similar to ① in some way, such as ② ‘extremeness · excessiveness’, ③ ‘attribute of beginning or end’, and ④ ‘intention’. It is also assumed that the derivation applied to the words expressing opposite meaning of those words. However, many ‘-ko’ adverbs disappeared and only one new adverb, ‘gyeolsako’, is found in Current Korean. The previous studies and dictionaries defined ‘-ko’ to be contracted from the syntactic constructions of ‘Xh?- +-go’ and combined with a root or noun of Chinese character. However, in the case of some adverbs, the form ‘Xh?-’ as the stem that precedes ‘?ko’ is not found and some roots can function as an adverb by themselves in Modern Korean. Also, it was not clearly discussed in the previous studies whether ‘-ko’ is a suffix or an ending and there is a claim that ‘Xh?- +-go’ is reduced when its role as a predicate was weakened by not being closely related with the preceding arguments and then undergoes the lexicalization. However, this claim can not explain the fact that there is no conjugated form ‘Xh?-’ for some adverbs, such as ‘gieoko, ildanko, pilgyeongko’, and why many ‘-ko’ adverbs disappeared in Current Korean just after lexicalization. Also, there is no clear evidence for the lexicalization of ‘-ko’ since there are many examples of ‘Xko’ which clearly function as a predicate. This study claims that ‘-ko’ is a suffix for adverb derivation, such as ‘-i, -hi’.

호텔종사원의 지적 웰니스와 여가만족, 생활만족, 삶의 질의 구조적 관계 연구

김금영(Kim, Kum-Young),이흥용(Lee, Heoung-yong),박희용(Park, Hee-Yong) 한국관광레저학회 2015 관광레저연구 Vol.27 No.12

중국인 초급 학습자를 위한 한·중 동사 어휘의 의미 차이 연구

이금영(Lee, Kum-Young),담애륜(Tan, Ai-Lun) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2020 충청문화연구 Vol.24 No.-

본고는 중국어판 초급 한국어 교재를 중심으로 한국어 동사와 중국어 대역어의 의미 차이를 분석하여, 중국인 초급 학습자들이 한국어 동사를 학습함에 있어서 오류를 일으킬 가능성이 높은 어휘를 제시함을 주요 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 4종의 초급 교재 총 15권의 어휘 색인에서 한국어 동사 618개를 추출하고, 아울러 해당 교재와 중한사전에서 중국어 대역어 913개를 추출하여 그 의미 차이를 분석하였다. 추출된 한국어 동사 중에 중국어 대역어와의 의미 영역등의 차이로 인해 오류가 발생될 수 있는 어휘는 모두 129개로, 이는 총 단어의 약 21%를 차지한다. 이 중에 단순한 어휘 제시 오류로 파악되는 항목 8개를 제외하면 총 121개가 도 언어 간에 의미 영역의 차이가 있는 어휘로 집계되었다. 이는 한국어 동사의 의미 영역이 중국어 대역어보다 좁은 경우(57개)와 한국어 동사의 의미 영역이 중국어 대역어보다 넓은 경우(54개), 그리고 양자 사이에 공통의 의미 겹침이 있지만 그 외의 다른 의미나 용법을 각각 갖는 경우(10개)의 세 가지 유형으로 분류되었다. 본고는 아울러 초급 교재의 중국어 대역어 제시 실태 및 문제점을 살펴 보고, 한국어 동사와 중국어 대역어가 의미 영역의 차이를 보이는 단어들에 대해서는 더더욱 학습 단계를 고려하여 두 언어의 의미나 용법의 차이에 대한 설명이나 적절한 예문, 유의점 등이 제시될 필요가 있음을 제안하였다. This research aimed to analyze the semantic differences between Korean verbs and Chinese equivalents laying stress on the Korean textbooks for Chinese speaking Beginners and show the list of the Korean verbs that may cause Chinese learners to make an error because of the semantic difference between two languages. For these aims, this research excerpted 618 Korean verbs from the glossarial index in 15 Korean textbooks for beginners which were published in National Institute of Korean Language and 3 universities and excerpted 913 Chinese equivalents from those elementary Korean textbooks and Chinese-Korean dictionaries. As a result, it turned out that 129 out of 618 Korean verbs have meaning different from their Chinese equivalents, which may cause Chinese learners to make an error, and this takes up about 21% of the Korean verbs. We ruled out 8 verbs out 129 Korean verbs since their Chinese equivalents were considered to be inappropriate in that they showed low semantic similarity and considered to be a simple mistake. Therefore, total 121 Korean verbs and there Chinese equivalents were analyzed by dividing into three types: One type is that Korean verbs have a wider semantic domain than their Chinese equivalents(57), another type is that Korean verbs have a narrower semantic domain than their Chinese equivalents(54), and the other type is that Korean verbs and their Chinese equivalents both show different usages or have a different meaning besides the same meaning that they share(10). This research also examined how the Korean elementary textbooks presented the Chinese equivalents of the Korean verbs and pointed out some problems. We suggested that in consideration of learners` level, the differences of meaning or usages between the 121 Korean verbs and the Chinese equivalents should be explained and some proper examples or caution should be given in order to prevent Chinese learners from thinking that the Korean verbs and the Chinese equivalents are mutually the same, which may cause them to misuse the Korean verbs.

“그러-/그리-” 계열 접속 부사의 통시적 고찰

이금영 ( Kum-young Lee ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2016 인문학연구 Vol.55 No.2

본고는 중세에서 근대 국어까지 사용된 ‘그러-/그리-’ 계열 접속 부사의 목록과 기능을 파악하고, 그 통시적인 문법화 양상을 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 먼저 접속 부사의 판정 기준 및 특성을 살펴보고, 시대별로나타나는 ‘그러-/그리-’ 계열 접속 부사를 그 주된 의미 기능에 따라 크게1) 나열ㆍ계기 관계, 2) 원인ㆍ근거 관계, 3) 조건ㆍ전제 관계, 4) 대립ㆍ양보 관계로 나누어 그 기능을 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 선행연구에서 다루어지지 않은 접속 부사의 목록을 밝히고, 많은 접속 부사가 선행연구에서 제시된 것과는 다르게 보다 이른 시기부터 사용되었음을 밝혔다. 일반적으로 이들 접속 부사는 [그러□-/그리□ -+연결어미] 형식에서 문법화 된 것으로 수용되고 있는데, 동일한 형식이 대용언뿐만 아니라, 대용과 접속의 기능을 동시에 수행하거나 혹은 접속이나 담화 표지의 기능만을 수행하는 예들이 나타나는 것으로 보아, 본고는 이러한 문법화 과정이 연쇄적이고 다층적이었던 것으로 파악하였다. 즉 [그러(□)-/그리(□)-+연결어미] 형식이 독립적으로 쓰이면서 탈범주화가 시작되고 이를 통해 접속 부사가 형성되나, 이들 모두가 단일한 문법화 과정을 겪은 것은 아니어서 그 중 일부는 소멸되거나 담화 표지로 발달하게 되는 재문법화를 겪은 것으로 추정하고, 이러한 문법화 단계와 특성을 구체적으로 고찰하였다. This study investigated ‘geureo-/geuri-’ types of conjunctive adverbs to account for their grammaticalization aspects. First, this study showed a list of the conjunctive adverbs from Medieval Korean to Modern Korean, and investigated their functions. They were roughly classified into four groups, based on their semantic functions that are related to 1) enumerationㆍ sequence, 2) causeㆍbasis, 3) conditionㆍpremise, and 4) oppositionㆍconcession. It is observed that there are a few conjunctive adverbs which have not been dealt with in the previous research, and that there are many conjunctive adverbs which have been used much earlier than previously declared. It has been well accepted that ‘geureo-/geuri-’ types of conjunctive adverbs are originated from the conjugation forms of the substitute verbs, ‘geureoha-/geuriha-’, in which their stems are followed by such connective endings as ‘-go, -na, -myeon’, and they are grammaticalized into conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs. However, the grammaticalization process is assumed to be more complicated than this assumption since there are many examples that the same form of [geureo(ha)-/geuri(ha)- +-conjunctive ending] functions as a substitute verb or a conjunctive adverb which can be divided into two kinds: one functions as both a substitute and a conjunction and the other one functions only as a conjunction. Moreover, there are some examples that the form of [geureoha-/geuriha- +-conjunctive ending] functions as a conjunctive adverb or a discourse marker. Therefore, this study assumes that the form of [geureoha-/ geuriha- +-conjunctive ending] which was used independently from other constituents such as a subject underwent decategorization resulting in formation of a conjunctive adverb, and then some of them developed into a discourse marker by another grammaticalization. As a result, the grammaticalization process results in multiple forms of [geureo(ha)-/geuri(ha)- +-conjunctive ending] having a common etymology, but diverging functionally. This study also discusses some aspects of the grammaticalization including the fact that grammaticalization is possible without any reanalysis or fusion.