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원재린 한국역사연구회 2004 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.53
This article is part of a group study dedicated to the task of determining the nature and characteristics of the so-called Tangpyeong/蕩平 politics(a political policy or practice designed not to employ discriminative acts based on party politics against potential candidates for official appointments). This article is also focusing upon analyzing the activities of the Soron and Namin party members during King Yeongjo's reign(especially the latter half period), and also analyzing their version of the Tangpyeong policy, in order to gain new understanding of those parties' political roles and status, with regard to the subsequent reign of King Jeongjo. During the latter half period of King Yeongjo's reign, the Soron party and especially the Wanso/緩少 members, who supported moderation in Tangpyeong policies, concentrated its efforts in reinforcing their leadership which was seriously weakened due to the government's Jojae Tangpyeong(調劑蕩平)policy after the Eulhae/乙亥-year political purge. Their efforts were hindered from reaching its goal by the unexpected outburst of clashes between King Yeongjo and the Noron party members which happened over issues of protecting the Crown prince. But their efforts, nonetheless, to protect the Crown prince and Saedo Jojac(世道調劑), led to the Soron members' being heavily enlisted in the government later, during the reign of King Jeongjo. In the meantime, the Cheongnam party members were exonerated from the 'Petty ones/小人' status and succeeded in reaching the government to receive appointments, thanks to a newly established objective criterion for official selections which was established through the Ipbeob(立法) Tangpyeong policy. Inside the government, they maintained a cooperative relationship with the Wanso(緩少) members, and concentrated on strengthening the King's 1eadership and authority as he had the power of Ipheob Jaesa(立法制事), while also concentrating upon establishing their own influences as well. The political experiences accumulated during this time period provided them with a momentum to maintain their political power afterward, and also achieve the status of a major political faction, amidst all the unfavorable situations occurring after the Imo/壬午-year political disaster, including the Noron party members' continuous political attacks.
원재린 한국사상사학회 2002 韓國思想史學 Vol.19 No.-
This treaties takes account of the knowledge - conduct's viewpoint and attitude for classical canon in academic accomplishment of the Seong Ho School(聖湖學派) which was a remarkable school at the late part of Choso˘n Dynasty. It has examines aspects of academic methodology of Silhak(實學). During the 18th century, the medieval system of Choso˘n Dynasty was collapsed and new rule order was being formmed. Faced with this situation, a part of contemporary scholars proposed various academic theory in order to solve the social and economic, political conflicts. Therefore they searched for a new academic trends to give a blow the current problems in reality It was necessary that new academic accomplishment and methodology of study theories securing Neo - Confucian orthodoxy. Up to this time, Seong Ho School was took notice to a 'true knowledge'(眞和). Knowledge as truth itself is called 'true knowledge'. 'True knowledge' does not mean mere knowledge. Seong Ho School's the theory of knowledge which centers around 'true knowledge' and 'energetic conduct' was a view of not seperating knowledge from conduct. but to proceed together knowledge and conduct(和行竝進). Seong Ho School's idea on knowledge as well as conduct are quite different from Chu Hsi's. They suggested the methodolgy for inquiring into knowledge on the ground of unifying knowledge and conduct theory to solve the problems of reality. And also Seong Ho School's attitude for classical canons created a new sphere that. though under the absolute authority of Chu Hsi's theoritical effect would made a criticize the previous ready -made interpretational trends. It was intension to do unifying study of classical canon and practical business for statecraft ideas. Seong Ho School's viewpoint of knowledge - conduct and attitude for classical canon aimed at analyzing and accumulating attributed proper to each object, while Chu Hsi's sat the goal at intuiting the universal principle existing in common between the cognitive subject and object. This methodology presupposes that every existing object had individual independence, by which it existed individually and acted independently. In conclusion, Seong Ho School's the theory of 'true knowledge','energetic conduct' and attitude for classical canon explicated an account of the oneness of knowledge and conduct, unifying study of classical canon and practical business for statecraft ideas. As a result, Yi Ik(李翼) and his pupils were reovated a system of the academic methodology. It can be called as a commencement of modern academic system.