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한국 '보호'문제를 둘러싼 러·일의 대립 : 헤그 밀사사건'을 중심으로
石和靜(석화정) 명지대학교 국제한국학연구소 2005 명지대학교 국제한국학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1
헤그 밀사 파견은 근본적으로 러시아의 전략적 이해(利害)에서 비롯된 것으로 대한제국의 '보호'를 둘러싼 러·일의 대립을 단적으로 보여준 사건이다. 이 사건은 결국 러·일의 제국주의적 야합으로 말미암아 좌절되었으며, 한국의 '독립'을 더욱 위협하는 기폭제로 이용되었다. '헤그 밀사사건'은 당시 약소국 한국이 러·일 모두에게 어떻게 역이용되었는가를 적나라하게 드러낸 사례로서 기억될 것이다.
청일전쟁 전황(戰況)과 ‘조선의 독립’ 문제에 대한 열강의 정책
석화정(Seok, Hua-Jeong) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2017 군사 Vol.- No.102
The study focuses on the ‘independent issue of Corea and the international relations under the situations of the Sino-Japanese War. During the War, ‘the independence of Corea’, regardless of sovereignty and territorial integrity as an independent nation, was under the restrictions of the structure of strategic interest for the Great Powers including Japan and China. Japan’s exclusive ambition over the Korean Peninsula, which pretended to be ‘independence of Corea’, consistently revealed during the war period. China, on the other hand, wanted to prevent the Korean Peninsula from the falling into the hands of the Japanese as a whole, leaning on the intervention of the Powers. The ambiguous attitudes of China between ‘independence of Corea’ and suzerainty were one of the major factors in prolonging the war and delaying the peace negotiations. Of the Powers with concerns in East Asia, the United States hoped to use Japan to terminate China’s suzerainty over Corea, open the door to Chinese trade and investment and weaken the influence of Britain and Russia in East Asia. Britain and Russia also checked each other because the partner country might try to expand its power alone in the Korean Peninsula. British Lord Kimberley’s ‘common intervention’ by the powers was a way to prevent Russian monopoly on the Korean Peninsula, and to avoid ‘armed intervention’. His proposals of ‘joint occupation of Corea’ and ‘separate Protection’ by China and Japan came from a large frame to control Russia, but as a result, it became a guideline to Japan to open the war. Since the beginning of October in 1894, when the war spread to mainland China, Kimberley’s proposal, ‘independence of Corea guaranteed by the Powers’, was intended to exclude any power’s monopolies on the Korean peninsula including victorious Japan. Russia also hoped to prevent the subjugation of Corea by any power and adopt a wait-and-see policy at least until the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway. But as soon as Japan’s crucial victory threatened the ‘independence of Corea and of China’, Russia will be involved actively the issue through the Triple Intervention in April 1895.
미국-스페인전쟁과 미디어의 풍자 이미지에 나타난 팽창주의, 반(反)제국주의
석화정(Seok, Hua-jeong) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2016 군사 Vol.- No.98
The American-Spanish War of 1898, was initiated for the United States to step to rescue Cuba from the oppression from Spain, ended just months later with the U.S. acquisition of Spain’s remaining empire, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Patriotic media played a significant role in breaking out the war, identifying the key territories to be acquired prior to a deployment of military operations. Even though there were various shades of high-circulation “yellow” journalism, this article mainly focuses on the ‘unexplored’ press media by the including political cartoons, headlines, caption texts from newspapers in both rural and urban settings across the U.S. It elaborates to show how the nation’s patriotic media campaigns mainly by cartoonists and editorialists captured the public’s interest in the Cuban crisis, and to portray the U.S actions for the duration of the conflict, from liberation to conquest, and further to press the U.S acquisition new territories abroad. After the war, growing resistance to American expansionism was found expression in the media, but it was driven the consensus in terms of expansion costs, not by a moral compass as will be identified at the platform of Anti-Imperialist League of 1899.