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한국 '보호'문제를 둘러싼 러·일의 대립 : 헤그 밀사사건'을 중심으로
石和靜(석화정) 명지대학교 국제한국학연구소 2005 명지대학교 국제한국학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1
헤그 밀사 파견은 근본적으로 러시아의 전략적 이해(利害)에서 비롯된 것으로 대한제국의 '보호'를 둘러싼 러·일의 대립을 단적으로 보여준 사건이다. 이 사건은 결국 러·일의 제국주의적 야합으로 말미암아 좌절되었으며, 한국의 '독립'을 더욱 위협하는 기폭제로 이용되었다. '헤그 밀사사건'은 당시 약소국 한국이 러·일 모두에게 어떻게 역이용되었는가를 적나라하게 드러낸 사례로서 기억될 것이다.
International Rivalry in Korea and Russia’s East Asian Policy in the Late Nineteenth Century
석화정 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2010 Korea Journal Vol.50 No.3
In the last decades of the nineteenth century, every important and complex issue representing international rivalry and collaboration was played out in Korea with the country serving as a pawn in the game of power politics. Korea’s strategic importance, its military weakness, its deficiency of accurate information, and a continuous flood of rumors and suspicions all contributed to its subordination by imperialistic forces. Among other things, the advent of Russia in power politics in Korea meant meaningful challenges not only for the Russophobic powers but also for Korea. This article seeks to reexamine some controversial issues on the rivalry and collaboration of the powers in Korea by providing materials never cited before, and thereby reevaluate Russia’s expansionism in Korea. Its scope covers some basic chronology of events in Korea, including the opening of Korea in 1876; political disturbances before and after the treaties with the West in the mid-1880s; the decade of Chinese dominance, 1885-1894; and the Russo-Japanese rivalry and collaboration,1895-1898. And each period in this study is characterized by the viewpoint not only of rivalry but also of collaboration in power policies.
석화정(Seok, Hua-jeong) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2014 군사 Vol.- No.92
The third secret treaty which Russia and Japan signed on July 8, 1912 maximized their imperial interests in East Asia. and precisely defined their boundaries in Mongolia compared to the previous Treaty of 1907. After the secret agreement with Japan, Russian government readily made Mongolia as a buffer area against China through Russo-Mongolian Treaty in 1912 and the Declaration and Exchange of Notes by Russia and China in 1913. ‘Autonomous Mongolia’ under the suzerainty of China was ratified in 1915 at the Tripartite Treaty of Kiakhta by Mongolia, Russia, and China. In reality, Russia had assumed that China would played a role in acting as the guarantor of Outer Mongolian autonomy. Inner Mongolia, however, lost its local autonomy forever. Mongolia might think that it cleverly was making use of China and Russia to advance its own interests, but it was evident that these two big powers in the early twentieth century had their own agendas for holding their private negotiations on Mongolia’s sovereignty. In short, the Russo-Japanese Secret Treaty and the Russo-Chinese cooperation as their outcome, served to deny Mongolian independence and sovereignty. As the pawn of imperialistic geopolitics, Mongolia had to bear the result of the Russian-Japanese-Chinese conspiracy and cooperation over its independence and sovereignty and try to barely survived on the edge of the balance of power.