만경강 하류의 환경과 식물플랑크톤 군집

심재형,신윤근,이원호 ( Jae Hyung Shim,Yoon Keun Shin,Won Ho Lee ) 한국하천호수학회 1991 생태와 환경 Vol.24 No.1

The community of phytoplankton was investigated 11 times from October, 1989 to August, 1990 on monthly interval in lower Mankyeong River. During the surveys, distribution patterns were studied for species composition of phytoplankton, standing stocks, species diversity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients. The environments of study area differentiated distinct low-discharge and high-discharge periods. During low-discharge period (Fall-early spring), salinity in the study area was relatively high due to sea water penetrated, while in high-discharge season, low salinity was observed contribute to high discharge of fresh water. Ratios and distribution patterns of phytoplankton species showed a close correlation with environmental characteristics which correspond with that of general fresh water environment. Species composition, standing stocks, species diversity of phytoplankton in the higher river showed large variation in time, may be resulted from pollution of water caused by several pollutants in higher parts of river. On the contrary, Jeonjupo environmental condition kept probably stable because of dilution of pollutant concentation by sea water. Decrease of phytoplankton standing stocks in very low salinity regions may be resulted from mortality of fresh water phytoplankton caused by changes in osmotic pressure.

만경.동진강 염하수에서 섬모충류에 의한 박테리아 섭식에 관하여

심재형,박수영,조병철,이원호,SHIM, JAE HYUNG,PARK, SOO YOUNG,CHO, BYUNG CHEOL,YIH, WONHO 한국해양학회 1995 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.30 No.5

In order to assess the significance of ciliate grazing on bacterial population in carbon flow of the estuarine pelagic ecosystem of the Mankyung and Dongjin river (MD estuary), abundance and biomass of ciliates and grazing rate on bacteria of small (<40 um) ciliates were measured. Saplings were carried out four times from October 1993 to March 1995 in the estuarine system. Ciliates smaller than 40 um occupied more than 49.5% of total ciliates abundance. Clearance rate of small ciliates ranged from 18.0 to 16.3 nl cell/SUP -1/ h/SUP -1/. As bacterial abundance increased, ciliate's clearance rate decreased, suggesting that bacterial abundance effects on ciliate's grazing rate. Ciliate grazing rate was equal to 0.1 to 12.2% of bacterial productivity, and the ratio of ciliate ingestion over bacterial production increased exponentially with the increase of bacterial abundance (r$^2$=0.62, p$\leq$0.001). It seems that the effect of ciliate grazing on bacteria would be small in coastal waters and large in more eutrophic waters of high bacterial abundance. Carbon supplied by ciliate grazing on bacteria was avg. 3.1% of carbon amount required for the ciliate maximum productivity. Thus, the ecological role of ciliate in microbial loop was probably more important as a final consumer than as a direct consumer of bacteria.

Phytohydrography and the Vertical Pattern of Nitracline in the Southern Waters of the Korean East Sea in Early Spring

심재형,앙성렬,이원호,Shim, Jae Hyung,Yang, Sung Ryull,Lee, Won Ho The Korean Society of Oceanography 1989 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.24 No.1

A study on quantitative phytoplankton samples, hydrographic conditions (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen), and nutrients has been performed in the southern waters of the Korean East Sea in early spring. Phytoplankton community showed close correlation with hydrographic conditions. This study area could be divided into three phytohydrographic regions; 1) East Korean Warm Water Region (a branch of Tsushima Current), 2) North Korean Cold Water Region, and 3) offshore water region not affected by other two water regions. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton is dependent upon stability of water column and nutrient concentration. Nutrient concentration shows characteristic distribution according to water masses. N/P ratio of ca. 3 in surface layer indicates that nitrogen is the major limiting nutrient in this area. N/P removal ratio was 12.54 ($r^2$ = 0.96), consistent with the Redified ratio. Primary nitrite maxima at the nitracline depths are thought to be formed by phytoplankton exudation. Secondary nitrite maximum was observed in coastal area with dissolved oxygen content of >5.2 ml/l much higher than <0.25 ml/l in other areas. The mechanism of secondary maximum is different from that of other regions, and whether it may be due to in situ degradation of organic matter by bacterial activity is still open to discuss.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Phytoplankton in Ch$\check{o}$nsu Bay

심재형,여환구,Shim, Jae Hyung,Yeo, Hwan Goo The Korean Society of Oceanography 1988 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.23 No.3

Spatial distribution and temporal variations of phytoplankton population were investigated in Ch$\check{o}$nsu Bay, the Korean western coast. Diurnal fluctuations of phytoplankton standing crop are associated with semidiurnal tidal cycle, as high concentration at low tide and low at high tide. In monthly variations of phytopolankton standing crop, the 1st peak occurrs in March and the 2nd one in August. The study area could be divided into two parts, outer bay and inner bay according to the physical and biological factors such as water temperature and salinity, and phytoplankton distribution patterns. The northern waters of the bay, however, may be affected by irregular fresh water influx through the lock of the dike. Because of the hydrographical differences among the surveyed stations, phytoplankton species succession patterns of each station have some differences. On the whole in this study area, Paralia sulcata and Skeletonema costatum are dominant species all the year round. However, except June, Paralia sulcata, a tychopelagic diatom is not dominant species at Station 6 (northern end of the bay). This seems to be caused by the fact that the waters of northern part of the bay is less turbulent than that of the outer bay. The result of principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that Ch$\check{o}$nsu Bay is normal coastal ecosystem where the environmental conditions are cycled in a year, and water temperature and nitrogenous nutrients such as nitrate, nitrite and ammonia are major factors to influence the annual cycle of environmental conditions.

해수에 잠긴 인공기질 표면에서 미세조류의 부착과 성장: I. 부착 및 천이

심재형,강정훈,조병철,김웅서,Shim, Jae-Hyung,Kang, Jung-Hoon,Cho, Byung-Cheol,Kim, Woong-Seo 한국해양학회 1998 바다 Vol.3 No.4

해수에 잠긴 인공기질 표면에서 미세조류의 부착과 후속적으로 나타나는 성장과정을 이해하기 위해 규조류의 부착과 주변수의 종 급원(species pool)과의 관계를 조사하였다. 1995년 7월부터 1997년 2월까지 인천항 내에서 아크릴 슬라이드를 이용하여 규조류의 부착에 관해 연구하였고, 주변 해수를 조사하였다. 또한 생물막 초기형성 과정에서 노출시간의 증가에 따라 나타나는 부착미세조류 군집의 종조성과 수도의 변화를 유리, 아크릴, 티타늄, 구리 및 생물오손방지 페인트로 도포된 슬라이드 등 다양한 인공기질 표면을 이용하여 조사하였다. 아크릴 슬라이드에서 규조류의 이입률은 주변수의 저서규조류의 수도변화와 유의성 있는 상관관계를 나타냈으며 ($r^2$=0.78, p<0.01, n=42), 이는 주변수의 저서규조류의 수도에 의해 영향을 받는 것을 지시한다. 아크릴 슬라이드에서 봄철에 단배선 형태 규조류의 부착능력(이입계수)이 복배선 형태에 비해 5 배 높게 나타났다. 그러나 부착점유율은 단배선 형태가 복배선 형태에 비해 3 배 낮게 나타났다. 겨울철에는 중심형 규조류의 부착능력이 다른 형태들에 비해 높게 나타났고 부착점유율도 높게 나타났다. 이는 규조류의 부착이 주변해수에 출현한 저서 규조류의 수도 및 부착능력에 의한 결과임을 지시한다. 우상형 규조류가 연구기간동안 모든 인공기질 표면에 대부분 부착 출현하였고, 겨울철에는 중심형 규조류가 모든 인공기질 표면에 우정 부착하였다. 생물오손방지 페인트로 처리된 표면에서는 독성에 대한 내성이 강한 것으로 판단되는 Hantzschia virgata, Licmophora abbreviata, Melosira nummuloides가 우점하여 부착하였다. 노출시간이 증가함에 따라 부착규조류의 수도는 유리, 티타늄, 아크릴 슬라이드에서 지수적으로 증가하였고, 최대수도는 유리 ${\geq}$ 아크릴 > 티타늄 > 구리 ${\geq}$ 페인트처리 슬라이드의 순으로 높게 나타났다. 모든 인공기질 표면에서 부착규조류의 성장률은 $2{\sim}3^{\circ}C$에서 보다 $24{\sim}25^{\circ}C$의 수온에서 높게 나타났고, 유리 슬라이드에서 다른 표면에 비해 전반적으로 높은 값을 보였다. 해수 중에서 노출시간의 증가에 따라 관찰된 우점종은 납작한 형태인 Amphora coffeaeformis, 부채꼴 형태인 Synedra tabulata, stalk 형태인 Licmophora paradoxa 그리고 사슬형태인 M. nummuloides로 나타났고, 부착미세조류 군집에서 미소천이(micro-succession)가 관찰되었다. 이러한 우점종 조성은 미세조류 생물막이 발달하여 서식공간이 제한됨에 따라 나타난 종 적응의 결과로 보인다. To understand the attachment of micro algae and their subsequent growths on artificial surfaces immersed in seawater, the relationship between attachment of diatoms on the immersed artificial substrates and species pool in the surrounding water was investigated. We used acryl slides for the study of diatom attachment and examined the surrounding water samples collected in Incheon Harbour from July 1995 to February 1997. Variations of species composition and abundances by exposure time in seawater were investigated during the early phase of biofilm formation on various substrates, e.g. glass, acryl, titanium, copper and antifouling paint-treated slides. Immigration rates of diatoms to acryl slides during spring and winter were significantly correlated with the abundance of benthic diatoms in surrounding water ($r^2$=0.78, p<0.01, n=42), suggesting that immigration rates were affected by variations of benthic diatom abundances in surrounding water. Immigration coefficient of monoraphid diatoms was 5 times higher than that of biraphid diatoms, but relative abundance of monoraphid diatoms was 3 times lower than that of biraphid diatoms on acryl slides in spring. In winter, immigration coefficient and relative abundance of centric diatoms were higher compared to other raphe forms. These results suggest that the attachment of diatoms seems to be caused by the abundance and immigration coefficients of benthic diatoms in surrounding water. Pennate diatoms predominantly attached to all artificial surfaces throughout all experimental periods. Interestingly, centric diatoms predominantly attached to all artificial surfaces in winter. Hantzschia virgata, Licmophora abbreviata and Melosira nummuloides appeared dominantly on antifouling paint-treated slides, probably being tolerant of the antifouling paint. During incubations, the abundance of attached diatoms increased exponentially on glass, titanium and acryl slides with exposure time. The maximum abundance was highest on glass slide, followed by acryl, titanium, copper and antifouling paint-treated slides. The growth rates of attached diatom community on all artificial surfaces were higher at temperature of $24-25^{\circ}C$ than that of $2-3^{\circ}C$. The growth rate of attached diatoms on glass slide was generally higher compared to other slides during the study period. Dominant morphotypes of observed species with exposure time in seawater were prostrate form Amphora coffeaeformis, fan shape Synedra tabulata, stalk type Licmophora paradoxa and chain type M. nummuloides. A micro-succession in the attached microalgal community was observed. The composition of dominant species seems to be the result of species-specific response to gradually limited space with development of microalgal film.

Primary Production System in the Southern Waters of the East Sea, Korea I. Biomass and Productivity

심재형,여환구,박종규,SHIM, JAE HYUNG,YEO, HWAN GOO,PARK, JONG GYU The Korean Society of Oceanography 1992 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.27 No.2

For the study on the structure and characteristics of the primary production system in the southern waters of the East Sea, chlorophyll, phytoplankton standing stocks. nutrients and hydrographic properties were investigated and analyzed in conjunction with measurement of C-14 based primary productivity. The primary productivity was relatively high in comparison with the previous studies, ranging from 284 to 4,574 mgC$.$m/SUP -2/$.$day /SUP -1/ and averaged to be 2,000 mgC$.$m/SUP 02/$.$day/SUP -1/. The standing stocks within the euphotic zone were fairly high, but ambient inorganic nitrogenous nutrient concentrations were too low to support the high production. This implied that there might be active recycling of nitrogenous nutrients by heterotrophic processes and the upward flux of nutrients by vertical mixing. Subsurface chlorophyll maxima were continuously observed in the lower parts of the euphotic layer and the depth coincided with the nutricline rather than isopycnal surfaces, supporting the view that chlorophyll distributions and primary production were primarily influenced by nutrient supply. Despite low nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton standing stocks and production were fairly high and the fraction of autotrophic nano- and picoplankton production was significant.

한국 연안해역에 있어서 온배수 배출의 생태학적 영향 - 2. 고리원자력발전소 냉각계통 통과에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 변화 -

심재형,여환구 ( Jae Hyung Shim,Hwan Goo Yeo ) 한국환경생물학회 1992 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The mortalities of phytoplankton passed through the cooling system of Kori Nuclear Power Plant were estimated in the range of 28.6-81.1%. In general, high mortalities(>70%) were measured when seawater temperatures were relatively high. This phenomenon represented that the mortalities were affected by the surrounding seawater temperatures and the mortalities of the 1st and the 2nd units of power plant were usually higher than those of the 3rd and the 4th units. Thermal changes as phytoplankton lethal factor might be more significant than chemical alteration or mechanical stress. Consequently the average mortality of phytoplankton which measured at discharge stations of Kori Nuclear Power Plant was 55%.

Seasonal Variation and Production of Zooplankton in Chonsu Bay, Korea

심재형,윤구현,SHIM, JAE HYUNG,YUN, KU HYUN The Korean Society of Oceanography 1990 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

The zooplankton of Chonsu Bay was collected and analyzed to study the seasonal variation in species composition and abundance, and to estimated the total annual production of Copepoda. With a pronounce seasonal fluctuations in species composition and abundance, Paracalanus indicus and Corycaeus affinis predominated during summer and fall, while larger species such as Centropages abdominalis and Acartia dominated in spring. Zooplankton abundance showed the minimum in March, then increased and reached the maximum in August. It is suggested that seasonal variation of zooplankton as well as temperature. Being productive compared with other areas, the estimated total production of Copepoda was 134 g/100m$^3$/yr (dry weight).

東海 西南 海域의 플랑크톤 硏究(II) 식물플랑크톤-현존량, 미세플랑크톤 및 1차 생산-

심재형,이원호,박상윤,Shim, Jae-Hyung,Lee, Won-Ho,Park, Sang-Yun The Korean Society of Oceanography 1985 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.20 No.3

A description of the "phytohydrography" in the southwestern waters of the East Sea is given from concurrent measurement of temperature, chlorophyll-a, nutrients, and phytoplankton and also from the calculated primary production during the two cruises in May and October, 1984. Past history of water mass is relatively well reflected in the distribution of phytoplankton species, but such a reflection is rarely shown in the distribution of physical and chemical parameters in general. Upper layer of the waters around Ul-gi and Gampo is typically characterized by the high chlorophyll-a, high primary production, and low nanofraction ratio due to the continuing supply of nutrients from the nutrient-rich cold water underneath. Water of Tsushima current shows poor standing crop in terms of cell numbers and chlorophyll-a concentrations, extremely high nanofraction ratio, and very low primary production. The overwhelming importance of the nanofraction is confirmed in phytoplankton cell numbers, chlorophyll-a concentration, and possibly enough in primary production. This emphasizes the exceptionally strong inflow of warm water into the study area from south among all the waters around the whole Korean peninsula.

신경망을 이용한 모음의 학습 및 인식 방법

심재형,이종혁,윤태훈,김재창,이양성,Shim, Jae-Hyoung,Lee, Jong-Hyeok,Yoon, Tae-Hoon,Kim, Jae-Chang,Lee, Yang-Sung 대한전자공학회 1990 전자공학회논문지 Vol. No.

본 연구에서는, Ohotomo 등이 모음의 학습과 인식을 위해 구성한 BP 구조 신경망의 학습을 위해 사용하였던 입력 패턴의 방법을 보완하여, 포만트 주파수의 대역폭을 고려한 측면값을 학습용 입력패턴에 두어 수렵 속도와 인식율을 높이고자 한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법이 오인식율에서는 $30{\%}$정도의 감소와 수렴 속도며에서는 $7{\%}$의 증가를 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 알 수 있었다. In this work Ohotomo et al., neural network model for learning and recognizing vowels is modified in order to reduce the time for learning and the possibility of incorrect recognition. In this modification, the finite bandwidth of formant frequencies of vowels are taken into consider-ations in coding input patterns. Computer simulations show that the modification reduces not only the possibility of incorrect recognition by about $30{\%}$ but also the time for learning by about $7{\%}$.