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申惠仁(Shin, Hye-in) 중국어문학연구회 2017 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.102
This study analyzes the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of “到家” and the constructions consisting of “到家”. I also explore the diachronic relation between these constructions as well as the grammaticalization process of “到家”. “到家” has multiple meanings and a variety of uses under different circumstances as a frequently-used word or/and phrase in Mandarin Chinese. According to the meaning and syntactic feature, “到家” can be classified into three different categories. Firstly, “到家” can be used as a verb phrase that refers to “到達家裏(arrive at home)”. For example, “N到家(孩子到家)” is analyzed as “subject[孩子]+predicate[到]+object[家]”, “V到家((把孩子)送到家)” is analyzed as “predicate[送]+complement[到+家]”. Secondly, “到家” can be used as an adjective that refers to “達到一定的水平(reach a certain level)”. For example, “N到家(功夫到家)” is analyzed as “subject[功夫]+predicate[到家]”, “V到家((把功夫)練到家)” is analyzed as “predicate[練]+complement[到家]”. In other words, “到家” is on a whole an adjective, rather than a temporary phrasal construction of “到” and “家”. When “到家” means “達到一定的水平(reach a certain level)”, it is usually used with the nouns which denote whether the level is high or low, e.g. “功夫(skill)”, “技術(technique)”,“服務(service)”, “火候(attainment)”. Thirdly, “到家” occurs after the adjective or verb to refer to “達到極高的程度(reach a high degree; very)”. For example, “便宜到家” means “非常便宜(it is very cheap)”. “A到家” is a predicate-degree complement construction. In contrast, I divide “V到家” into two classes: degree complement and result complement. “把功夫練到家了” is a predicate-result complement construction, “到家” represents the result or status of the action, therefore “把功夫練到家了” can be understood as “練功夫練得很好(the skill has been well honed)”. I refer to this construction as “V到家1”. “V到家1” can be converted to “V得很到家”. On the other hand, “把臉丟到家了” is a predicate-degree complement construction, “到家” represents the degree of the status, therefore “把臉丟到家了” cannot be interpreted as “丟臉丟得很好(the face has been well lost)”, it should be interpreted as “非常丟臉(it is very embarrassing)”. I refer to this construction as “V到家2”. “V到家2” cannot be converted to “V得很到家”. The grammaticalization process of “到家” and the diachronic relation between several constructions consisting of “到家” are as follows. At first, “到家” is only used as verb phrase to refer to “arrive at home”. But via the metaphor of “home” → “the place to go back” → “the place to go” → “the level to be reached”, “到家” gained the derived meaning “reach a certain level” and started to be used as an adjective. As an adjective, “到家” is mainly used as a predicate or a result complement in sentences. After that, “到家” went through a further process of grammaticalization. As a result, when “到家” means “reach a high degree; very”, it is only used as a degree complement. “到家” is very commonly used as an adjective or a degree complement in modern Mandarin dialogue texts or colloquial speech. However, these features are not well explored in the literature. By exploring the meaning and usage of “到家” in Mandarin Chinese, this study hopes to further our understanding of the function of “到家” and facilitate our teaching and learning of the properties of “到家”.
申惠仁(Shin Hye-in) 중국어문학연구회 2009 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.54
The subject of this article is the Mandarin word “hao(好)”. “hao(好)” has several different parts of speech and complex semantics and usage. In this article I try to propose a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. This article consists of four sections. The first section is the introduction of this study. The second section discusses parts of speech, semantics and syntactic features of the monosyllabic “hao(好)”. The monosyllabic “hao(好)” can has either a falling-rising tone or a falling tone. The former can be used as an adjective, an adverb, a modal verb, a conjunction, an interjection, or a noun whereas the latter can only be used as a verb or an adverb. The third section discusses semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features of compounds and phrases consisting of “hao(好)” which is an inalienable and indispensable constituent of that word or phrase. This section mainly discusses the following five constructions:(1)the reduplication “haohaoer(好好兒)”;(2)the phrase “haobu(好不)+XP”; (3)“haoduo(好多)”, “haoxie(好些)” and “haoji(好幾)+classifier” and the phrase “hao(好)+temporal nominals”;(4)the sentence-initial discourse marker “haole(好了)” and the sentence-final particle “haole(好了)”;(5)“yehao(也好)” and “haozai(好在)”. The fourth section is the conclusion and summary.
申惠仁(Shin Hye-in) 중국어문학연구회 2010 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.61
This paper explores the hao-V-construction in Mandarin. The hao-V-construction can be divided into two classes, i.e. the adjective hao₁-V and the phrase hao₂-V. There are several differences between these two classes, both in their semantic and structural properties. Firstly, as a word, hao₁-V can only accommodate certain closed classes of morphemes, so that only a limited amount of Vs can occur after hao₁ ‘good’ in hao₁-V. Semantically, as a group of words, most hao₁-Vs can be interpreted as V qi lai ling ren man yi ‘it is satisfactory to V’. According to the degree of deviation from this core meaning, there exist certain semantic levels among individual semantics of hao₁-Vs. Secondly, as a phrase, hao₂-V can accommodate more verbs than “hao₁-V”and thus shows its openness to V position. Semantically, the individual meaning of hao₂‘easy’ and its following verb remains the same after they constitute the phrase, so that hao₂-V always means V qi lai rong yi ‘it is easy toV’ or rongyi V ‘easy to V’. The openness of V and the semantic transparency of hao₂-V represent certain properties of phrase. This paper investigates the properties of Vs in hao1-V and hao₂-V, in terms of the similarities and differences of the two structures. Thirdly, this paper explores the possible ambiguity and the corresponding ways of disambiguation of hao₁-V and hao₂-V. We also examine certain kinds of the hao-V-constructions that do not have ambiguity. Finally, all hao₂-Vs have antonymous structure nan-V and nan-V can even also be antonyms of some hao₁-Vs, but not all hao₁-Vs have nan-V as their antonyms. The differences mainly have to do with the semantic interpretation of hao-V.
e스포츠 여성 팬의 문화·경제적 활동에 관한 사례 연구
신혜인(Hye-In Shin),최은경(Eun-Kyoung Choi) 한국게임학회 2024 한국게임학회 논문지 Vol.24 No.3
국내외 e스포츠는 산업 규모가 성장하는 만큼 관객, 시청자 수 뿐만 아니라 다양한 국적과 연령대의 팬이 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 국내에서 가장 규모가 큰 T1 여성 팬의 사례를 탐구하고 나아가 이들의 경제적 활동에 주목해 이들이 e스포츠 산업 성장에 어떤 영향을 주고 있는지 살펴보고자 했다. 그 결과 e스포츠 여성 팬은 다른 게이머나 타인과 소통하는 것을 선호하며, 선수의 일상생활과 성격 등 다양한 측면에서 관심을 가지고 있는 문화적 특징과, 실용적인 제품과 유니폼을 좋아한다. 또한 시즌에 따라 팬 활동 특징이 변화한다는 경제적인 특징이 나타났다. 이에 e스포츠 기업과 구단은 여성 팬의 집단적 특성과 소비 성향을 반영한 팬 비즈니스 전략이 필요해보인다. As the size of the domestic and international e-sports industry grows, not only the number of audiences and viewers, but also fans of various nationalities and ages are increasing. Accordingly, this study explored the case of T1 female fans, the largest group in Korea, and further focused on their economic activities to examine how they are influencing the growth of the e-sports industry. As a result, female e-sports fans prefer to communicate with other gamers and other people, and they like cultural characteristics of interest in various aspects such as the players’ daily lives and personalities, as well as practical products and uniforms. Additionally, an economic characteristic emerged in which the characteristics of fan activities change depending on the season. Accordingly, e-sports companies and clubs seem to need a fan business strategy that reflects the collective characteristics and consumption tendencies of female fans.