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신창섭,Shin, Chang-Seob 한국조경학회 2011 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.39 No.6
배롱나무와 피라칸사의 내한성과 지역별 최저기온을 분석하여 동해에 대한 위험을 검증하고자 하였다. 저온 처리한 시료의 내한성은 전기전도도의 측정과 형성층의 갈변도 관찰로 평가하였다. 배롱나무는 $-17.1^{\circ}C$ 이하에서, 피라칸사는 $-18.9^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 동해 피해가 클 것으로 분석되었다. 지난 45년간 최저기온이 $-17.1^{\circ}C$ 이하로 하강된 횟수는 대전 총 7회 중 1975년도 이후에는 1회, 청주 총 55회, 수원 총 72회로 기록되고 있다. $-18.9^{\circ}C$ 이하로 기온이 하강된 횟수는 청주 45회, 수원 32회로 나타났으나, 1991년 이후에는 하강되지 않았다. 또한 위도가 높아질수록 최저기온 상승계수는 크게 나타났다. 따라서 중부지역에 식재된 배롱나무와 피라칸사는 동절기 간헐적으로 나타날 수 있는 기온 강하에 의한 부분적인 동해 피해가 예상되기 때문에 위험할 수 있으며, 최저기온의 상승 추세에 따라 동해 피해 위험은 점진적으로 감소될 것이다. This study was conducted to check danger of the cold injury by reviewing the lowest temperature by regions and the cold tolerance of Lagerstroemia indica and Pyracantha angustifolia. The cold tolerance of the samples treated at low temperature was evaluated by measuring electrical conductivity and observing browning of the cambium. It was proved that the lethal temperature of L. indica is below $-17.1^{\circ}C$, and that of P. angustifolia is below $-18.9^{\circ}C$. The frequency of the lowest temperature went down below $-17.1^{\circ}C$, was 7 times in Daejeon, 55 times in Cheongju and 72 times in Suwon for the last 45 years. In Daejeon, it has happened only once since 1975. The temperature dropped below $-18.9^{\circ}C$ 45 times in Cheongju and 32 times in Suwon during the same period, but it has not happened at all since 1991. It appears that the rising coefficient of the lowest temperature increases, as the latitude gets higher. As a result, L. indica and P. angustifolia which were planted in the central region of Korea, are considered in danger from freezing injury because the temperature can get very low intermittently in winter. But, the risk of freezing has reduced gradually as the lowest temperature raises each year.
국제물품매매계약에 관한 국제연합협약에서 결과적 손해에 관한 연구
신창섭 ( Chang Sop Shin ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2010 고려법학 Vol.0 No.57
The Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is a basic rule defining the general extent of the obligation to pay damages for all cases in which the CISG provides for such an obligation. CISG Article 74 limits the liability to pay damages to the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the circumstances of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of contract. This foreseeability rule can be traced back to an Anglo-American rule initiated by the English Court of Exchequer in Hadley v. Baxendale, 156 Eng. Rep. 145 (Ex. 1854). The foreseeability rule has its greatest relevance in limiting recovery for consequential damages, including loss of profit. Such damages depend on the promisee`s particular circumstances, the arrangements he has made, or the surrounding economic framework; in general they are recoverable only if the promisor knew of the relevant circumstances or at least a reasonable person in his position ought to have contemplated them. The foreseeability rule as provided in CISG Article 74 is different in several respects from the Hadely rule as developed through later cases in the common law jurisdictions. First, under CISG Article 74 the foreseeability of the loss must be judged from the view-point of the party in breach, whereas at common law foreseeability is determined by what is in the reasonable contemplation of the parties. In another matter, while CISG Article 74 refers to the foreseeability of damages, the original Hadley rule requires their contemplation. In yet another matter, CISG Article 74 limits recovery to those damages which the party in breach knew or ought to have known as a possible consequence of the breach, while the original Hadely rule limits recovery of lost profits to those that were in the contemplation of both parties, at the time they made the contracts, as the probable result of the breach. This possibly means that the breaching party may be liable for a greater range of consequential damages under the CISG regime than under the common law tradition. These differences, taken together, clearly suggest that it would be erroneous if anyone attempts to interpret or apply CISG Article 74 solely referring to the Hadley rule. In one of the leading U.S. cases applying CISG Article 74, Delchi Carrier SpA v. Rotorex, 71 F.3d 1024 (2d Cir. 1995), a federal court awarded the buyer consequential damages for those costs incurred which were a foreseeable result of the seller`s breach and which were both commercially reasonable and reasonably foreseeable. Although the court cited CISG as the controlling law, however, its decision reveals that the court was heavily influenced by domestic legal rules. In order for the CISG to remain a uniform law regulating international transactions of goods, this unfortunate homeward trend should be strongly discouraged, and as CISG Article 7 explicitly demands, CISG should at all times be interpreted autonomously, and not in the light of domestic law.
신창섭 ( Chang Sub Shin ),김성민 ( Sung Min Kim ) 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2007 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.21 No.2
Halon gas agent has been widely used as the extinguishing agent for B class and C class fires because of its excellent extinguishing power. But Halon was found to contribute to the ozone layer destruction, eventually Halon designated as one of ozone-layer-destroying materials in the Montreal Protocol in 1987, and agreed among the nations to reduce its use step by step. Accordingly, the nations in the world have developed and are now using the substitute for Halon agent and the new system. In this study, in the context of such researches, we measured the effect of concentrations of inert gaseous agents by Cup-burner method. The results of the experimentation on the changes of each inerting gas agent extinguishing concentration for n-Heptane were as follows. The extinguishing concentration of Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Helume and mixed agents such as IG-541, IG-55 was measured respectively. The best extinguishing capacity of inerting gaseous agent for n-Heptane fire was Helium.
동일성 원칙과 협동조합 조합원 지분에 대한 탐색적 연구
신창섭 ( Shin Chang-sub ) (사)한국협동조합학회 2020 韓國協同組合硏究 Vol.38 No.2
회사(company)와 협동조합(cooperative)은 서로 다른 기업(enterprise) 형태이다. 기업이란 자본, 금융, 노동, 지식, 시설의 결합체를 말하는데, 회사는 자본가적 결합의 측면을 중심으로 법률관계를 구성한 기업이고, 협동조합은 이용자적 결합의 측면을 중심으로 법률관계를 구성한 기업이라고 할 수 있다. 법률관계를 다르게 구성하였기 때문에 회사와 협동조합은 운영과 사업 방식의 차이가 있고, 주주나 조합원이 기업 활동의 결과로 얻는 이익의 성격도 다르다. 본 연구는 회사와 협동조합의 법률관계의 다름을 지분의 개념에 적용하여 검토해보았다. 협동조합에서는 비분할 자본과 이익 없는 분배 원칙에 따라 기업재산 전체에 대한 관념상의 몫으로서 지분은 존재하지 않는다. 또한 출자가액에 따른 의결권을 인정치 않기에 출자금은 조직적 역할을 하지 않는다. 따라서 협동조합 조합원 지분의 원천이자 기준은 협동조합 이용이라고 할 수 있다. A company and a cooperative are sub-categories of enterprise. Enterprise is a combination of capital, finance, labor, knowledge, and facilities. A company is an enterprise that forms a legal relationship based on capitalist aspects. On the other hand, a cooperative is an enterprise based on patronage aspects. This study examined the differences in legal relations between companies and cooperatives in the concept of shares. As a result, the study discovered that cooperatives don’t have property equity and equity stake because of the rule of non-distribution capital and the principle of disinterested distribution, In addition, since the proportion of voting rights to investment are not recognized, contribution does not play an organizational role in cooperatives, so it can be said that the cooperative patronage is the source of a cooperative member’s shares.