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자동차 헤드램프 세척용 재순환 챔버 노즐의 내부유동이 분무장에 미치는 영향
신정환 ( J. H. Shin ),이인철 ( I. C. Lee ),강영수 ( Y. S. Kang ),김종현 ( J. H. Kim ),구자삼 ( J. S. Koo ),구자예 ( J. Y. Koo ) 한국분무공학회 2011 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.16 No.2
Atomized liquid jets from the washing nozzle which configured with recirculation chamber for cleaning hot-zone area are accelerated and impinged on the head lamp surface. Cleaning efficiency of head lamp can be increased with injecting washing fluids into the hot-zone area. Experimental and numerical studies with various design parameters were executed to reveal the relations between internal geometry and internal flow in the washing nozzle. Spray structures were fitted with each of the head lamp surfaces and spray nozzles were optimized to the spray pattern. The recirculation chamber induces a recirculation flow and can be decreased the pressures perturbation inside the chamber. Orifice determines the mass flow rate. When the diameter of orifice is excessively large, it showed an unstable spray pattern. As a nozzle exit angle increases, density distributions are separated with two section. Also, as a protrusion length of nozzle exit increases, spray patterns are spread into a large area and density distributions showed unstable trend.
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임신 중 당뇨의 조절은 어느 과에서 시행하는 것이 적절한가?: 내과와 산부인과에서의 비교
서용수 ( Yong Soo Seo ),신정환 ( Jung Hwan Shin ),이헌열 ( Hun Yul Lee ),박원일 ( Won Il Park ),김재령 ( Jae Ryung Kim ),김혜민 ( Hae Min Kim ),최은주 ( Eun Joo Choi ),김대운 ( Dae Woon Kim ),홍서유 ( Seo Yoo Hong ),박은주 ( Eun J 대한산부인과학회 2008 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.51 No.7
목적: 당뇨가 합병된 임신의 결과를 당뇨조절과에 따라 비교해 보고 임신 중 당뇨조절에 있어서 산부인과 의사와 내분비내과 의사의 역할을 고찰해 보고자 하였다 방법: 2004년 3월부터 2006년 12월 사이에 임신 중 당뇨병이 합병된 총 72명을 대상으로 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 을지병원에서 임신 기간 중 산부인과에서 당뇨 조절을 받은 18명을 I군으로, 내분비 내과에서 당뇨 조절을 받은 54명을 II군으로 정의하여 임신의 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 다태임신, 염색체 이상, 당뇨 이외에 다른 내과적 합병증이 있는 경우는 연구 대상에서 제외하였다. 결과: 나이, 분만력, 신체비만지수, 임신 중 체중증가, 분만 주수 등의 인구통계학적 분포에서 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. 100 gm 경구 당부하검사 결과, HbA1C 수치에서도 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. 신생아 평균 체중은 I군 (2.89±0.21 kg)이 II군 (3.38±0.08 kg, P=0.040)에 비해 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다. 1분 아프가 점수도 ANCOVA 분석을 통한 신생아 체중을 보정 후에도 I군에서 II군에 비해 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다 (7.11±0.51 vs 8.11±0.19, P=0.028). 하지만, 5분 아프가 점수에서는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. 출생 체중이 3.8 kg 이상의 신생아 비율도 II군에서 유의하게 높은 소견을 보였다 [1/17 (5.6%) vs 37/54 (68.5%), P=0.030]. 신생아 저혈당증의 비율도 I군이 11.1%로 II군의 37.0%에 비해 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다 (P=0.043). 당뇨에 의한 다른 신생아와 임신부의 합병증의 비교에서는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. 결론: 내과적 관점에서, 임신 기간 중 당뇨가 합병된 임산부의 당뇨조절에서 산부인과에서의 조절도 부적절함이 없다. 또한 산부인과에서 혈당을 조절하는 경우 내과에서의 조절과 비교하여 더욱 경제적이고, 환자에게 번거로움이 적으며, 환자의 치료 동기와 순응도를 보다 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Objective: To compared obstetric outcomes of pregnancies complicated by diabetes according to the managing department and to consider role of obstetrician and endocrinologist Methods: A retrospective analysis of 72 pregnant women managed for diabetes during March 2004 to December 2006 was performed. Eighteen women had been managed by obstetricians (Group I) while 54 women had been managed by endocrinologists of internal medicine (Group II) during their pregnancies at Eulji Hospital. None of these patients had multiple pregnancies, abnormal karyotype, or other medical disorders other than diabetes. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between two groups. Results: No difference was found with regard to the age, parity, BMI (body mass index), weight gain during the pregnancy, and the gestational weeks of delivery. There was also no difference in the blood glucose levels after 100 gm OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) and HbA1C levels in two groups. The neonatal birth weight of group I (2.89±0.21 kg) was significantly lower than that of group II (3.38±0.08 kg, P=0.040). The 1 min APGAR score, which was corrected by weight through ANCOVA test, was also significantly lower in group I (7.11±0.51 vs 8.11±0.19, P=0.028). But There was no difference in 5 min APGAR score. The incidence of birth weight over 3.8kg was significantly higher in group II [37/54 (68.5%) vs 1/17 (5.6%), P=0.030]. Neonatal hypoglycemia was also higher in group II (37.0% vs 11.1%, P=0.043). Other neonatal and maternal complications associated with diabetes were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusions: In medical point of view, obstetrician can effectively manage diabetes during pregnancy as good as internist. Besides, the management by obstetricians may be more economic, less annoying, and can induce more compliance and motivation of the patients.
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김대영(D . Y . Kim),정수미(S . M . Chung),송지훈(C . H . Song),정환부(H . B . Chung),신정환(J . H . Shin),홍서유(S . Y . Hong),손동우(D . W . Son) 대한산부인과학회 1998 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.41 No.12
N/A Prostaglandin E2 is capable of ripening the unfavourable cervix and thus improving the outcome of induced labor by altering the state of the cervix and myometrial fibers of the lower uterine segment. This study was performed to compare the clinical efficiency of PGE and oxytocin for the elective induction in term pregancies. A retrospective randomized study was undertaken comparing the efficacy of a 3mg prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppository (group 1, n 80), intravenous oxytocin (group 2, n=72), and prostaglandin E plus intravenous oxytocin (group 3, n 74) for the elective induction of labor. The results of above three groups were also compared with normal spontaneous labor group (control group, n 75) as a control. Gestational age of every subject was between 38 and 42 weeks with Bishops score from 1 to 6. The duration of 1st stage, cesarean section rate, Apgar score, incidence of neonatal complication, and side effect of every group were evaluated. The results were as follows; 1. In nulliparous women with Bishops score of 4 or less, the duration of the first stage of labor was significantly shortened in the group 1, 2, and 3 compared with that of control group. (P<0.0001, respectively) The duration was significantly shortened in the group 3 compared with group 1 or 2 (P<0.0001, respectively) while the difference was not found between group 1 and 2. (P>0.05) 2. In parous women with Bishops score of 4 or less, the duration of the first stage of labor was significantly shortened in the group 1, 2, and 3 compared with that of control group. (P<0.0001, respectively) No difference was found among group 1, 2, and 3. (P>0.05, respectively) 3. In nulliparous women with Bishops score of 5 or more, the duration of the first stage of labor was significantly shortened in the group I, 2, and 3 compared with that of control group. (P<0.0001, respectively) The duration was significantly shortened in the group 3 compared with group 1 or 2 (P<0.0001, respectively) while the difference was not found between group 1 and 2. (P>0.05).4. In parous women with Bishops score of 5 or more, the duration of the first stage of labor was significantly shortened in the group 2 and 3 compared with that of control. (P<0.0001, respectively) No difference was found between group 1 and control group (P>0.05) and no difference were found among group 1, 2 and 3 (P>0.05, respectively). 5. The Cesarean section rate were 16%, 8.7%, 12.5%, and 6.8% for control, group 1, group 2, and group 3, respectively. 6. There were no significant differences in 1, 5-min Apgar score, and the incidence of neonatal complication in each group. 7. The side effects (nausea, vomiting, headache, hypertonus, and fever) developed in 9 case (3.0%) of group 1, 2, and 3. There were no significant differences in side effect in each group.
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