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朴盛鍾(Park Seong Jong) 구결학회 2005 구결연구 Vol.14 No.-
이 글은 韓國漢字의 개념을 분명히 설정하기 위한 기초작업으로서 韓國漢字의 유형을 설정하고 그 중 일부에 대하여 개략적으로 살펴 보았다. 논의에 앞서 日本을 비롯하여 국내외에서 자주 사용되는 訓讀이라는 용어에 대하여, 訓과 釋의 개념과 실제 사용 양상을 위주로 살펴 보았다. 한국한자에 대하여 國義字, 國造字, 國變字의 세 가지 유형으로 나누어 설정하였다. 國義字는 기존의 漢字와 동일하되 뜻을 달리하여 사용하는 字로서, 한자 본래의 音대로 읽는 것과 아닌 것을 나누어 同音國義字와 異音國義字로 호칭하였다. 國造字는 漢字를 바탕으로 만들었으나 漢字와 전혀 다른 字로서, 釋과 音 중의 어느 것을 표기하기 위한 자인가에 따라 表音國造字와 表意國造字로 양분하였다. 國變字는 한자와 形은 다소 다르나 상호 연관성을 가진 字 즉, 한국에서 만든 漢字의 異字라 할 만한 것이다. 國變字에는 省劃字, 略字, 符號字, 異體字, 俗字, 訛字 등이 포함된다고 보았다. 이상의 분류에 따라 『韓國漢字語辭典』에 ‘國字’로 수록된 총 179자를 대상으로 國造字 중의 表音字 및 表意字, 그리고 國變字의 세 부류로 나누어 그 특징을 간략히 살펴보았다. 이것은 表音字 및 表意字는 釋과 音중 어느 하나만이 유효하며, 國變字는 釋과 音을 모두 가진다는 점에 着眼한 것이다. Koreans learn each Chinese character by using its meaning and its sound(accurately speaking, its Koreanized sound). The meaning of a Chinese character is called s?k(釋), and the sound is called ?m(音). Nowadays most Koreans are using the word hun(訓) instead of s?k(釋), which for the most part belongs to native Korean but sometimes to word of foreign origin. Each Chinese character can have various meanings, namely many s?k(釋)s per one ?m(音). Among the various s?k(釋)s of a character there is the most typically and widely used one, which can be roughly named 'hun' (訓) of the character. S?k(釋) and hun(訓) on the whole look alike, but there exists something unlike between them So, Korean scholars are likely to prefer to use the term s?kdok(釋讀) rather than accept the term xundu-reading(訓讀), which we mean by a method of reading Chinese written texts according to one's language. Chinese characters of Korean origin can be divided into 3 groups: ① the Korean-made pseudo-Chinese characters, ② Chinese characters whose usage is somewhat different in Korea from their own usages, and ③ Chinese characters of Korean origin which are not similar to the ones of their own in shape. In Korea, pseudo-Chinese characters usually lack either their meanings or their sounds, because they had been made to represent the peculiar things of Korea or the purposed sound. One type of pseudo-Chinese characters may be called 'logo-graphs', and the other type 'phonographs'. Dictionary for Chinese characters and compound words of Korean Origin(韓國漢字語辭典) was compiled to gather 1) all the Korean-made pseudo-Chinese characters and 2) Chinese characters whose usage is somewhat different in Korea from their own usages, and 3) the compound words which had been made by Koreans with the medium of Chinese characters from the ancient times. Those characters which belong to the first group above mentioned are entitled with a mark "國字"(literally, characters made in our country). They amount to 179, and they are classified into 3 kinds of characters in this paper. These 3 kinds of characters are variants of Chinese characters, and Korean phonographs, and also Korean logographs. The last two kinds of characters are Korean-made, so are not found in China or Japan or any other countries. Two elements, namely two graphs, are united to coin one Korean phonograph. In this case the upper graph is made of an Chinese character, whose reading is bound to s?k(釋) or ?m(音) of its own, and represents the onset and also the nucleus of one syllable. But the lower graph usually consists of either Korean alphabet, Han'g?l(한글), or Korean kugyol alphabet(口訣字). The lower graph represents the coda of one syllable. We can show, for examples, @(1-631, vol.l p.63l), @(2-249), @(2-681), @, @(1-716), @@(l-l72) as Korean phonographs. Korean-made logographs usually lack their own sounds, and if they had sounds their sounds work insignificantly. Logographs are coined to represent a thing or a thought or an institution and so on which is not found in China. Thus the sound of coined logograph is originally in accord with a word or a morpheme of one's language. @(l-292) is a good example. The typical and frequent type of Korean-made logographs are coined with one phonetic graph and with one signific graph. Examples are @(4-963), @(2-1101), @(2-1116). However, more and more Korean-made phonographs and logographs ought to be gathered together.
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박성종 ( Park Seong Jong ) 한국고문서학회 2003 古文書硏究 Vol.22 No.-
This paper aims to translate some pieces of cheopjeong in the 15th century into modern Korean and briefly survey their conventional forms in composition. Cheopjeong, which was the official document to superior government, had been written in idu(吏讀). 7 pieces of cheopjeong are known at present. 5 pieces were used as materials in the process of making books by printing on the back of them. One of them is the official document which was sent to the lord Chungcheong-do(忠淸道) from one of his subordinative officers, Gyeolseonghyeon-gam(結城縣監). The other 4 pieces are also the official documents sent to the lord of Gyeongsang-do(慶尙道) from his subordinative officers. And 2 pieces of Cheopjeong were sent to the lord of Gyeongsang-do by one of his subordinative officers, Bonghwahyeongam(奉花縣監). 3 pieces of cheopjeong were made by the district presidents who were ordered to prepared and send various presents for the king of Joseon(朝鮮) by their supervising government`s lords. Gyeolseonghyeon-cheopjeong(結城縣牒呈) was made to inform its lord of the falcons, which were probably presents for the king of Joseon. Jinbohyeon-cheopjeong(眞寶縣牒呈) reads that we send 6 doe(되) of new honey, and Yeongcheongun-cheopjeong(永川郡縣牒呈) reads that we send 2 mal(말) of raw chestnusts. 2 pieces of cheopjeong were made for so-called sugyeol(愛決), by which we mean the asking for commands of supervisor.
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박성종 ( Park Seong Jong ) 한국고문서학회 2003 古文書硏究 Vol.23 No.-
There is a piece of old documents which was written by an old woman whose last name is Sin, the wife of the late Mr. Jangjeon(장전). It is one of the so-called soji(所志), which were written petitions. It was written for the purpose of asking the lord of Gyeongsang-do(慶尙道) to command one of his subordinative officers, Sunheungbusa(順興府使), that the fugitive slaves be arrested, investigated and returned. At that time the fugitive slaves were also obliged to compensate their masters for loss. This document mentioned above has been owned and handed down by the Indong- Jmg -ssi(仁同張氏)`s clan in Yeongju-si(榮州市) of Gyeongsangbuk-do(慶尙北道). It is somewhat transformed and included in a scrapbook titled Yumukcheop(&BlJ&) which was made in praise of the family`s ancestors. And also it is designated as one of national valuables No. 1005 together with the other documents in the scrapbook and various other old documents. Scholars know this document very well, because it is very antiquated and important enough to be cited often in various articles and books on history of Korean society or Korean paleography. But some loss and damage of letters in this document has made us equivocate or roughly explain its contents. So, I dared to translate it into modem Korean by inferring the lost letters according to its context and by distinguishing idu(吏讀) characters from Chinese characters. In this document the fugitive slaves, who are wanted by the country government according to Miss Sin`s petition, are four. They are all women. Only one of them is owned by the petitoner, the eldest daughter of Sin`s family. Among the four women are there slaves who were owned by the third and last daughter of Sin`s family. Early enough in 1404, this woman`s ownership of those slaves was demonstrated by a piece of hwahoemunkki(和會文記)s, the Written agreements by all the heirs and heiresses. The eldest daughter`s slave is Yanguideok(良衣德), who is a descendant of male slave Jangrnan(長万). One of the four female slaves is Jangjang(長莊 )who was registered as a slave of the third daughter`s. Another one is Geumjang(金莊) who is a descendant of female slave, Dohwa(桃花). Dowha was also a slave of the third daughter`s. The last one`s name is Yeonhwa(?花 )but this one`s family lineage is ambiguous. She is either a sister or a descendant of Jangjang. We mean an official opinion and order of the government leader concerned by Jesa(題辭). The Gyeongsang-do lord`s jesa is as follows. The control of this petition case should be transferred to the country government of Sunheungbu. In treating this case, the king`s message should be necessarily obeyed and the slave registers should be used to check the slaves` idendities.
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