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17세기 흉황기, 『淸狂子集』에 나타난 朴士亨의 향촌안정책과 후학진흥
문재환 순천대학교 인문학술원 2022 인문학술 Vol.9 No.-
In this thesis, in the late 17th century when the Little Ice Age continued, in the period of five disasters, years of bad harvest, famine, infectious diseases, and starvation in Boseong, Jeolla-do, the anthology of the local scholar PARK Sa-hyung(朴士亨, 1635~1706), the author of “Cheonggwangja-jip(淸狂子集)”, contains claiming the stability of local villages and the nurture of disciples. Therefore, through this anthology, we looked at what was the center of his efforts to help the starving people and raise disciples as a case study from the perspective of local history. In the late 17th century, Joseon faced harsh realities due to the great famine of 1670-1671 and 1695-1699. In other words, it caused a rapid decrease in population by killing as many as 1 million people. In the end, it brought about a decrease in agricultural productivity, and the possibility of destroying social structure and order was increased by causing a big blow to the economy. At the same time as this, PARK Sa-hyung local scholar was born in the village Boseong-Eup Jubongri. The plague, which broke out in 1658, killed his wife, his grandmother, mother, father, and eldest brother in three months. He also suffered for a long time by repeating improvement and deterioration due to lung disease. In addition, in Boseong from 1682 to 1687, severe famines were repeated every year to the extent that they had to rescue the people. In particular, from 1686 to 1687 alone, five disasters struck at once and the damage was even more severe, ruining 90% of rice fields and field farming. Therefore, in 1686, PARK Sa-hyung posted ‘Ojaesangseo(五灾上書)’ at the government office, and wanted the king to reduce taxes on rice paddies and fields. At that time, the wealthy were planning market profits and moving grains and crops produced in Boseong to Nakan, where commerce and transportation were developed. For this reason, in 1687, he again posted the ‘Fungnyeonsangseo(凶年上書)’, petitioning for ‘Banggokryeong(防穀令)’, which prohibits the unauthorized movement of grains sold by the wealthy. This was the search for rural stability to prevent the people from dying by securing food supply and supply chains by suppressing the outflow of grains from the jurisdiction. Another policy urged by PARK Sa-hyung was aimed at fostering talent. His lectures continued for more than 40 years after he first opened a lecture hall in Heungyang in 1663 at the age of 29. However, through the war of ‘Imjinwaeran(壬辰倭亂)’ and ‘Byeongjahoran(丙子胡亂)’ in teaching literature, Hyangpung(鄕風), who does not like literature, and years of bad harvest and famine served as a major obstacle to his academic activation. The cultivation of disciples became more difficult. Therefore, in 1696, he appealed to the governor of Jeolla-do to supply grain specially by posting ‘Seodangsangseo(書堂上書)’. According to the collection’s ‘Yusa(遺事)’, it is said that if you do not intend to become a bureaucrat, it is the attitude of a scholar to raise students. Therefore, he did his best to promote his studies, encouraging disciples who are in danger of stopping studying not to give up their studies. As a result, the students who studied under his academy were disciples from various regions. In particular, 92 disciples from 24 surnames were actively participating in academic, political, and social activities as children of families who had moved to Boseong, Heungyang, Nakan, Suncheon, Jangheung, and Naju from the early 15th century to the late 16th century when the Neo-Confucian order took root. For example, he actively participated in social activities by passing the past examination test like his student PARK Man-dang, establishing a lecture hall like YANG Jing to teach students, or participating in local ‘a literary gathering(文會)’ like S0NG Il-bok.
Comparison of a Hemorrhoidectomy With Ultrasonic Scalpel Versus a Conventional Hemorrhoidectomy
임대로,조대헌,이주현,문재환 대한대장항문학회 2016 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.32 No.3
Purpose: A variety of instruments, including circular staplers, ultrasonic scalpels, lasers, and bipolar electrothermal devices, are currently used when performing a hemorrhoidectomy. This study compared outcomes between hemorrhoidectomies performed with an ultrasonic scalpel and conventional methods. Methods: The study was a randomized prospective review of data available between May 2013 and December 2013, involving 50 patients who had undergone a hemorrhoidectomy for grade III or IV internal hemorrhoids. The hemorrhoidal pedicle was coagulated with an ultrasonic device in the ultrasonic scalpel group (n = 25) and sutured with 3-0 vicryl material after excision in the conventional method group (n = 25). Results: The patients’ demographics, clinical characteristics, and lengths of hospital stay were similar in both groups. The mean ages of the conventional and the ultrasonic scalpel groups were, respectively, 20.8 ± 1.6 and 22.4 ± 5.0 years (P = 0.240). In comparison with the conventional method group, the ultrasonic scalpel group had a shorter operation time (P < 0.005), less postoperative pain on the visual analogue scale score (for example, P = 0.211 on postoperative day 1), and less postoperative bleeding (P = 0.034). No significant differences in postoperative complications were observed between the 2 groups. Conclusion: A hemorrhoidectomy using an ultrasonic scalpel is an effective and safe procedure. The ultrasonic scalpel reduces the operation time, the postoperative blood loss, and the postoperative pain. Long-term follow-up with larger-scale studies is required to evaluate normal activity after a hemorrhoidectomy performed with an ultrasonic scalpel.