스포츠 중재 합의에 관한 법률적 검토

남기연 ( Ki Yeon Nam ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2009 홍익법학 Vol.10 No.3

하도급계약에 따른 법률관계 분석

남기연(Nam, Ki-Yeon) 한국재산법학회 2011 재산법연구 Vol.28 No.3

도급계약을 근거로 도급인으로부터 일을 완성하기로 약속한 수급인은 원칙적으로 자유로이 이행보조자 또는 이행대행자를 사용하여 작업의 전부 또는 일부를 이행토록 할 수 있다. 그에 따라 수급인이 일의 전부 또는 일부의 완성을 제3자인 하수급인으로 하여금 수행토록 하는 수급인과 하수급인 사이에 계약을 하도급계약이라 하며, 주로 건설이나 자동차, 조선 사업과 같이 노동시장의 유연성이 요구되는 곳에서 빈번하게 이뤄지고 있다. 이러한 하도급거래관계에서 도급인이나 수급인에 비해 경제규모 등에서 열악한 위치에 있는 하수급인의 권리보호를 위해 특별규정이 등장하게 되었다. 우선 수급인과 하수급인 사이의 하도급계약은 당사자의 계약자유의 원칙을 기반으로 하지만, 하도급법과 같은 특별법에서 하수급인을 보호하고자 수급인에게 의무를 부담시키거나 금지행위를 규정하고 있는데, 수급인의 서면교부의무와 부당한 대금감액 금지 및 대금지급보증제 등이 이에 해당한다. 이렇게 계약자유의 원칙을 제한하면서까지 일방 당사자의 권리를 강화시키고자 하는 특별규정의 목적과 그 근거가 어디에 있는지가 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 도급인과 하수급인 사이에는 직접적인 계약관계가 없기 때문에, 도급인은 하수급인에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 않는 것이 일반적이다. 여기서 하수급인은 도급인에 대하여 민법 제391조에 따른 수급인의 이행보조자로서의 지위를 갖고 있음에도 불구하고 하수급인의 권리보호라는 사회적 필요성에 따라 도급인의 하수급인에 대한 의무와 책임을 부과하는 특별규정들이 등장하게 되었다. 그 대표적인 것이 하도급법상 하수급인의 도급인에 대한 하도급대금의 직접지급청구권과 근로기준법상 하수급인 근로자의 임금채권 보장에 관한 내용이다. 이렇게 하수급인의 권리보호를 위한 특별규정을 어떠한 관점에서 바라봐야 하느냐이다. 소위 약자보호라는 관점에서 하수급인에게 애초에 없었던 권리를 부여한 것이냐 아니면 하수급인이 당연히 누려야할 권리를 확인하는 것이냐이다. 하수급인으로서는 일의 완성에 있어 자신의 노력을 기여하였고, 일의 완성에 따라 궁극적인 이익을 얻는 자가 도급인이라는 점에서 볼 때, 하수급인에 대한 권리 내용은 당연히 가져야 할 것을 규정을 구체화한 것으로 보아야 할 것이다. 즉, 하수급인의 권리에 관한 특별규정은 약자보호측면에서 소위 베푸는 관점에서 볼 것이 아니라 하수급인이 본래 누려야 할 권리를 그 요건과 내용 및 효과에 있어 구체화할 필요성에 따라 마련된 것으로 보아야 할 것이다. Although the relationship between the principal contractor and subcontractor is contractual in nature, it is generally observable that the status of the subcontractor is protected from undue influence by the principal contractor within the framework of special provisions for the status of subcontractors in the Fair Transaction in Subcontracting Act. For example, principal contractors are obligated to issue and submit written documents to the subcontractors and they cannot compel the subcontractors to reduce the subcontract consideration established at the time of the initiation of manufacturing, etc. Moreover, under this Act, it is possible for subcontractors to request that the original client or developer pay the subcontract consideration where payment has been suspended, the principal contractor is bankrupt, or similar circumstances arise. At the same time, under the Labor Standards Act, in cases where the subcontract agreement is made, an immediate upper-tier contractor shall directly pay the workers employed by a subcontractor an amount of money equivalent to the wages which the subcontractor shall pay at the request of workers employed by such subcontractors. Unlike the case of the relationship between the contractor and subcontractor bound by a direct contractual relationship, the relationship between the client (or owner, or developer) and subcontractor is distinct in that it is constituted by law without mutual consent of the parties concerned. Thus an important question is how should these special provisions for the protection of subcontractors be understood? In other words, are these exceptional provisions for subcontractors a way to protect the weak from the strong (principal contractors), or are they the natural, logical results originating from the inherent rights of subcontractors? Given that subcontractors have provided diverse services and efforts for the completion of the ‘Work’ and that the ultimate beneficiary of the ‘Work’ is the client (or developer), these special provisions for protecting subcontractors should be understood as the materialization of the inherent and essential rights of subcontractors. In other words, these special provisions should be understood as legislative efforts for the materialization and concretization of the inherent and essential rights of the subcontractors, rather than as the special protection of the weak from the strong. These aspects of the nature of the special provisions on the status of subcontracts should also be taken into account when the relevant statutory laws are to be modified or revised in the future.

연구논문 : 경기단체의 무과실책임에 관한 고찰

남기연 ( Ki Yeon Nam ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2015 법학논총 Vol.39 No.2

전 세계적으로 축구경기가 커다란 열광을 불러일으키고 있는 반면에 지나친 관심으로 인한 관중들의 난동행위 역시 흔히 발생하고 있다. 관중의 폭력이나 경기 방해 행위가 기존에는 영국의 훌리건이라는 특정 집단의 모습이었지만, 이제는 어느 경기장에서나 심심치 않게 볼 수 있는 현상이 되었다. 일부 팬들의 이러한 일탈행위는 경기에 방해가 될 뿐만 아니라 자신이 응원하는 클럽의 명성에도 심각한 피해를 발생시키고 있다. 유럽 내 각국의 프로리그나 유럽 챔피언스리그와 같은 대회에서 관중들의 난동행위의 발생빈도나 정도가 갈수록 심각해지자 유럽축구연맹(UEFA)에서는 경기장에서의 폭력행위를 근절하고자 징계규정을 통하여 관중들의 위법행위에 따른 손해에 대하여 해당 클럽에게 과실여부와 상관없이 책임을 지도록 하는 징계조치를 부과하고 있다. 이러한 연맹의 징계조치에 대해 해당 클럽에서는 세계스포츠중재재판소(CAS)에 이의신청을 한 바 있었지만, CAS는 클럽의 무과실책임을 인정하면서 연맹의 결정을 받아들인 바 있다. 연맹이나 협회와 같은 스포츠단체는 단체자치권을 근거로 조직의 관리와 운영을 위한 규칙제정권을 갖는다. 특히 단체규정을 위반한 자에 대하여 징계조치를 내릴 수 있는 근거가 바로 단체자치권이다. 하지만, 단체자치권 역시 국가법의 질서 공서양속으로부터 자유로울 수 있는 것은 아닌 만큼 법률적인 통제가 가능하다. 일반적으로 무과실책임은 특별법에 의해 인정되고 있는데, 관중의 행동에 대한 클럽의 무과실책임에 관한 명문의 규정이 없는만큼 그 법리적인 관점에서의 고찰이 요구된다. 과실책임주의를 원칙으로 하고 있는 민법상 클럽에게 귀책사유가 없는 한 채무불이행책임 내지 불법행위책임을 지울 수는 없다. 하지만 자신의 이익추구를 위한 활동으로 인하여 타인에게 위험을 야기한 자는 그로 인해 발생한 손해에 대하여 배상책임을 인정하는 위험책임의 법리가 적용될 수 있다. 경기주최자는 입장료나 광고수입 등의 경제적 이익을 창출하는 동시에 선수나 관중 또는 그 밖의 경기 참가자의 법익을 침해할 수 있는 위험요소를 지배하고 있다는 점이, 관중의 위법행위로 인한 손해에 대하여 경기주최자에게 무과실책임을 인정할수 있는 근거가 될 수 있다. Interruption to a sport game by riot and disorder of spectator has become a regular scene in the world. Due to the behavior of the crowd and riot much damage has occurred. Here comes a problem, who is liable for damages resulting from the behavior of disorderly supporters of a team? Because the Association can not punish directly on the fans of a club. In connection with the responsibility of clubs for the behavior of their own fans the strict liability can be considered. In present-day society the principle of liability with fault has been changed. The strict liability has been recognized by the Civil Code and special laws. Because there is no such a provisions in Civil Code and special laws. fault of club is required to ask the for responsibility. According to the rules of FIFA or UEFA the club should be independent of their debt for the excesses of their supporters stand. The clubs are responsible for the behavior of the spectators. A similar rule is found for example in KFA disciplinary code. Basically, it is the association freely according to their autonomy to set their own law. The CAS held in its decisions, the strict liability of the clubs for their supporters. The strict liability is only admissible if the club is not held accountable for the breach of its own duty to account. According to the decision of CAS this liability is only permissible when there is no fault of the Association punished, but his misconduct of its fans shall be imputed attributed. On the basis of the autonomy of association the strict liability can be justified. In the damages caused by riots club can be recognized as an indirect interferer. The game organizers make the risks while holding the game and obtain also the economic benefit. Therefore, he shall be responsible for the risks associated with the game regardless of his fault.

디지털콘텐츠의 이용과 미성년자 보호에 관한 연구

남기연 ( Ki Yeon Nam ),장필재 ( Pil Jae Jang ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to study the protection of minors for using digital contents. As diverse digital contents transaction type, there are many problems occurring with respect to minors. Problems related to minors ‘consent of the legal representative’, ‘restriction of right of cancellation’ and ‘recognize the possibility of minors’ is. Related to Mobile game, damage caused by a minor settlement without the consent of the legal representative is the most serious problem. So, Duty of the operator should be made in more detail about why a minor need the consent of the legal representative and range of the legal representative consent. Second problems arise with respect to restriction of right of cancellation of a minor. Generally minor required the consent of the legal representative in order to use the Digital Contents. Legally revocation of Digital Contents is possible only within 7 days after purchase. However, if minor use the trick without the consent of the legal representative, minor don`t have right of cancellation by the Civil Code Article 17. The third problem is lack of recognize the possibility of minors. A minors is limited recognition compared to adults. But operators presenting the important information on the terms is set to a separate link or may be difficult to find. Therefore, a minor does not understand the difficult contents of the terms and can be damaged in the transaction. In the alternative to those problems should use the easy term in Terms to improve the recognition probability of the minor. It should also be available in simple to understand, such as in cartoon form. And minors are aware about their rights and obligations are needed as the parties to a transaction. This means that a minor will be sure to double-check the contents of the Terms was agreed (Offer optional answers). Finally, the operator if the child is receiving the consent of the legal representative should present a concrete platform for the confirmation and operators must do their duties. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that the protection of minors in the digital content transactions, will require a lot of effort.

가수의 초상과 성명 보호에 관한 연구 노래연습장업을 중심으로

남기연 ( Ki Yeon Nam ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2013 홍익법학 Vol.14 No.2

Music industry is going to development very fast which is most main thing of entertainment industry. But, nowadays dispute between the parties are still continue. Because the music industry is diversified and changed, music performers should be recognized by the new right. Music is established by songwriter, singer, conductors, etc. The Problem is that the legitimate rights of singer and music performers, who is direct parties in the music industry, are not being protected. In order to produce the karaoke machine is paid to the songwriter compensation. However, the singer does not receive any compensation, because his voice dose not comeout in karaoke machine. The pictures and name of famous figures such as singer, sports stars are for making better corporation images and products images. Pictures and name should be used only with agreement of owner. Without agreement of singer his portrait appeared on the screen of machine. That can be the violation of portrait right. In order to select the song, singer`s name which is marked in the book play an important role. Singer also has the right to use the name. Name right and right of portraits of singer are his property rights and should be protected. When name and portraits of singer used for commercial purposes, his agreement is required. And appropriate compensation should be paid.

연구논문 : 가자열매 추출물을 이용한 단백질 섬유의 염색과 항균효과

남기연 ( Ki Yeon Nam ),이정순 ( Jung Soon Lee ) 한국의류산업학회 2014 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dyeing properties and anti-microbial ability of silk and wool fabrics dyed with Terminalia chebula Retzius(TCR) extract using two extraction solvent, hot water and methanol. Dyeing properties of fabrics were studied by investigating the characteristics of colorant, changes in dye uptake under different dyeing conditions, and by investigating color change when mordants were applied. Also, color fastness, and antimicrobial activity of dyed fabrics were estimated. Regardless of extraction solvent type, colorant showed maximum absorption wavelength at 280 nm and 578 nm, which implied that tannin was the major pigment component of TCR. Also, through FT-IR spectrum result, it was confirmed that tannin of TCR methanol extract was hydrolysable tannin. But for the hot water extract, it was only assumed that its tannin was condenced tannin. Fabric dyed with hot water solvent extract showed higher dye uptake than fabric dyed with methanol solvent extract, dye uptake increasing by higher concentration of the dye, longer dyeing time and higher dyeing temperature. And the absorption curve between TCR extract and protein fiber was shaped in the form of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fabric dyed without mordant was yellow in color, and when dyed with mordant, fabric showed various colors depending on mordant types except Sn. Color fastness to washing was generally fine and color fastness to light was moderate. But color fastness to rubbing and dry cleaning was outstanding. Lastly, dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial activity of 99.9% against Staphylococcus aureus and Kiebsiella pneumoniae.

모과 추출물의 염색성과 기능성

남기연 ( Ki Yeon Nam ),이정순 ( Jung Soon Lee ) 한국의류산업학회 2012 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.14 No.3

The dying properties of fabrics with Chaenomelis Fructus extract were studied through an investigation of the characteristic of Chaenomelis Fructus colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (dye temperature, dyeing concentration, and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordant, effect of UV irradiation, and color change in addition, antimicrobial ability and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of maximum absorption of Chaenomelis Fructus extract was 280 nm and showed that tannin is the major pigment component. From the increase of absorbance by UV irradiation, it was assumed that catechol tannin color was developed through UV irradiation. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake. Dye uptake increased as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Chaenomelis Fructus extract showed relatively good affinity to silk than cotton. Mordant, Fe and Cu were effective to increase the dye uptake of cotton fabric in addition, the dye uptake of silk fabric mordanted with Fe and K improved. UV irradiation let the color of dyed fabrics develop regardless of the UV irradiation stage however, UV irradiation on the dyed fabric was more effective than on the extract for the color development. Dyed silk fabric showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9% in addition, deodorant ability improved in the fabric dyed with Chaenomelis Fructus extract.

향나무 심재 열수추출물의 염색성과 기능성

남기연(Ki Yeon Nam),이정순(Jung Soon Lee) 한국염색가공학회 2013 韓國染色加工學會誌 Vol.25 No.3

향나무 심재 메탄올추출물의 염색성과 기능성

남기연(Ki Yeon Nam),이정순(Jung Soon Lee) 한국염색가공학회 2013 韓國染色加工學會誌 Vol.25 No.3

아선약의 염색성과 기능성(제2보)

남기연(Nam, Ki Yeon),이정순(Lee, Jung Soon) 한국생활과학회 2010 한국생활과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This study investigated the properties and functions of wool and silk dyed with Catechu by examining the effects of dying conditions such as dye concentration, dying temperature, dyeing time, pH level and pre-mordants. These conditions were examined in relation to dye uptake and color changes, washing fastness, light fastness, ultraviolet-cut ability and antimicrobial ability of the dyed fabrics. Catechu showed good affinity to silk fiber. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was obtained, and so it was considered that ionic bondings are formed between Catechu and protein fiber. As the dyeing time and temperature is increased, the dyeability of both silk and wool fabrics also increases. At high temperatures the color of dyed fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Wool is effective in using Al, Cu, Fe mordant, while silk is effective only in using only Cu mordants. The dyeability was shown to be improved at low pH levels. Additionally, both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causingby repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.