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金漢坤(Kim Han Kon) 한국인구학회 1988 한국인구학 Vol.11 No.2
This study is a replication of Clemente and Sturgis' study conducted among 600 American cities in 1972. The impact of population size, physical density, social density, and age of 56 Korean cities upon the extent of their industrial diversification was analyzed. Hypotheses concerning each independent variable were generated from the theory of the development of the division of labor proposed by Durkheim and subsequently adopted by human ecologists. Zero-order correlation analysis and regression analysis were employed to test the hypotheses. The standardized partial regression coefficients indicated that social density and age of cities exert significant positive impact upon industrial diversification. On the other hand, population size showed a significant negative impact upon industrial diversification. In addition, it was discovered that the combined influence of the independent variables account for 34.6 percent of the variation in industrial diversification. The findings of this study were compared with the results of Clemente and Sturgis' study. Some suggestions for future research are presented and discussed.
전통 콩발효 식품 유래 7, 8, 4'-Trihydroxyisoflavone의 피부 생리활성 연구
박준성 ( Jun Seong Park ),김동현 ( Dong Hyun Kim ),심진섭 ( Jin-sup Shim ),김지성 ( Ji Seong Kim ),최권영 ( Kwon-young Choi ),김병기 ( Byung-gee Kim ),김덕희 ( Duck Hee Kim ),김한곤 ( Han Kon Kim ) 대한화장품학회 2010 대한화장품학회지 Vol.36 No.3
10년 이상 자연 발효된 콩 발효 식품에서 희귀 이소플라본 성분인 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone을 분리하였고, 분리된 성분의 항산화 효과를 비효소적인 방법으로는 DPPH 법을, 효소적인 방법으로는 xanthine oxidase법을 이용하여 확인하였다. 그 결과 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone는 농도 의존적으로 비타민 C와 유사한 DPPH 라디칼 소거 효능을 가지고 있음을 보여주었고 6.6 ± 0.4 μM 농도에서 xanthine oxidase에서 생성된 superoxide 라디칼을 50 % 수준까지 낮춤을 보여주었다. 또한, 이 희귀 이소플라본 성분은 UVB로 유도된 MMP-1의 생성을 초기 수준으로 억제하는 것으로 나타나 피부 노화 억제에 유용한 성분임을 확인할 수 있었다. A rare isoflavone, 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, was isolated from a 10-year-old fermented soybean food. 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone was isolated for the first time from a Korean fermented soybean food. Evaluation tests of biological activity showed significantly inhibition activity for free radical scavenging on both non-enzymatic (DPPH system) and enzymatic method (xanthine oxidase system). DPPH radical scavenging effect of 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone was similar with vitamin C in a dose-dependent manner. In xanthine oxidase (XO) system 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone showed superoxide radical inhibition activity of 50 % at a concentration of 6.6 ± 0.4 μM. Also, the compound significantly suppressed cellular MMP-1 formation. These results suggest that 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone could be developed as a potential preventive or therapeutic agent against skin aging.
THP-1 세포주를 이용한 화장품 원료의 피부 감작성 대체법 활용 연구
김서영 ( Seo Young Kim ),안수선 ( Su Sun An ),김한곤 ( Han Kon Kim ),이태룡 ( Tae Ryong Lee ) 한국동물실험대체법학회 2009 동물실험대체법학회지 Vol.3 No.1
Evaluation of skin sensitization potential is a major part of safety assessment of new ingredients in cosmetics and drugs to be applied topically. Several studies have shown that contact sensitizers induce co-stimulatory molecules on THP-l cells and have suggested that the expression of these co-stimulatory molecules can be used as a predictive in vitro assay system for contact sensitization. Most cosmetic ingredients are non- or slight- or at most moderate sensitizers. In this study, we evaluated the utility of the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on THP-l cells as a predictive in vitro assay system for discrimination of these slight differences in sensitizing potential of cosmetic ingredients. We investigated the expression of CD54 and/or CD86 on the THP-l cells using flow cytometry after a 24 h exposure to cosmetic ingredients such as resveratrol, polydatin (a derivative of resveratrol), and decursin with two different purities (70% and 98%). The resveratrol showed a mild skin sensitization potential and cell cytotoxicity but the polydatin did not induce any up-regulation of these two markers and did not show cell cytotoxicity at the same concentration with resveratrol. Although both decursins with 70% and 98% purities were classified as mild sensitizers, there was also a definite trend that the decursin with 98% purity was less potent sensitizer than the decursin with 70% purity. These data suggested the possibility of using expression of CD54 and/or CD86 in THP-l cell line as a predictive tool evaluating subtle differences in skin sensitization potential of cosmetic ingredients.
장양(藏釀) 기술이 사용된 전통 고숙성 된장에서 유래한 o-Dihydroxyisoflavone 유도체의 생리활성
김동현 ( Dong Hyun Kim ),박준성 ( Jun Seong Park ),박녹현 ( Nok Hyun Park ),문은정 ( Eun Jeong Moon ),유선혜 ( Sun Hye Yu ),김덕희 ( Duck Hee Kim ),김한곤 ( Han Kon Kim ) 대한화장품학회 2009 대한화장품학회지 Vol.35 No.3
된장은 한국의 독특한 발효 식품이며 장양이라 불리는 전통적인 제조 방법에 의해 제조된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고숙성 된장에서 새롭게 생성된 성분과 그것의 생리활성을 측정하였다. 5년 숙성된 된장으로부터 새로운 o-dihydroxyisoflavone인 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone과 기존에 알려진 두 가지의 o-dihydroxyisoflavone을 각각 분리하여 다른 isoflavone과의 항산화 효과 및 미백효과를 비교 측정하였다. Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 활성 저해 효과는 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (compound 1), 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (compound 2) 그리고 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (compopund 3)은 각각 21.5 ± 0.2, 28.7 ± 0.4 그리고 32.6 ± 0.6 (IC<sub>50</sub>)을 나타낸 반면 daidzein은 이들에 비해 약한 DPPH 활성 저해 효과를 나타냈다. Superoxide 소거 효과는 L-ascorbic acid에 비해 compound 1 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 18.10 ± 0.2 μM)과 2 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 10.54 ± 0.4 μM)가 보다 효과적인 반면 compound 3과 daidzein은 이들에 비해 낮은 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 melan-a cells에서 o-dihydroxyisoflavone 유도체들의 티로시나제 활성과 멜라닌 생성을 비교 측정하였다. 특히 Compound 1 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 11.21 ± 0.2 μM), 2 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 5.23 ± 0.6 μM)의 경우 compound 3과 daidzein에 비해 티로시나제 활성을 억제하는데 효과가 있었으며 또한 멜라닌 생성을 50 % 억제할 때의 결과에서 이들 화합물은 각각 12.23 ± 0.7 μM (1), 7.83 ± 0.7 μM (2)과 같이 멜라닌 생성 억제 효능을 나타내었다. 따라서 고숙성 된장에서 유래한 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone은 항산화 및 미백효과를 가지는 화장품 소재로써 사용 가능하리라 판단된다. Doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste) is a unique fermented food in Korea. It has been traditionally manufactured from soybeans, by Jang Yang process. We focused on the newly formed compound in highly aged Doenjang and its biological activity. One new o-dihydroxyisoflavone, 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone and two known o-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives were isolated from 5-year-old Doenjang and evaluated as potent antioxidant and whitening effect by comparing with other known isoflavone. 7,8,4'-Trihydroxyisoflavone (compound 1), 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (compound 2) and 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (compound 3) inhibited DPPH (diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) formation by 50 % at a concentration of 21.5 ± 0.2, 28.7 ± 0.4 and 32.6 ± 0.6 (IC<sub>50</sub>) respectively, whereas daidzein showed weak DPPH radical scavenging activity. In superoxide scavenging effect were measured in one assay. Compound 1 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 18.10 ± 0.2 μM) and 2 (IC50 = 10.54 ± 0.4 μM) show significant inhibitory activity and greater effect than L-ascorbic acid. But compound 3 and daidzein showed lower inhibition activity. Also, o-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives evaluated as potent inhibitors on tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in melan-a cells. Compound 1 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 11.21 ± 0.2 μM), compound 2 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 5.23 ± 0.6 μM) exhibited significant inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, those compounds are significantly suppressed the cellular melanin formation by 50 % at a concentration of 12.23 ± 0.7 μM (1) and 7.83 ± 0.7 μM (2). This result suggests that 7,3',4'- trihydroxyisoflavone from highly aged Doenjang could be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.