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페스탈로찌의 敎育 思想硏究(下) : Referring to "Die Abendstunde eines Einsidedlers"
金善陽 誠信女子大學校 1976 硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.-
The aim of this dissertation is to discuss Pestalozzi's principal thoughts on education as well as the principle of his educational methods, mainly referring to his Die Abendstunde eines Einsiedlers (1780) which formed the basic nucleus of many of his thoughts on deucation, and, at the same time,to study the fundamental posture of his thinking in order to understand better his thoughts on education. Through research the writer came to draw the following conclusions regarding: 1. The fundamental posture of his educational career: First of all, he recognized the German race and he lived with his race. He understood his country's defects and also tried to find a way to overcome them. He further found out that the whole realm of life, which exists in eternity, rested in man's vigorous soul and man's soul rested in love, a love originated from God. 2. His basic thoughts concerning: His view of man- Finding three types fo stratum (Schichten) in human nature such as, animal, social and moral, he asserted that the ultimate goal of the education of man lies in fostering a moral man who has gone through natural as well as social conditions. His view of nature - He vieweed nature as an inner creative power peculiar to man. Though man's two essential sides, that is,the sensitive, animl nature 뭉�� moral, spiritual nature, are primarily unrealistic, they are, however realistically possible in the being of a limited condition in which essence is possible. Pestalozzi called this middle being, that is, this middle state, nature. His view of family life- He regarded family life as a medium-nuclear unit group which forms society, state and world. Therefore, family education is like theroots of a tree and the ways of school education are nothing but the branches of the tree. Thus, when family education is in a vacuum state, every other education loses its order. This is the very reason that Pestalozzi had endeavoured so hard to bring about a true national education by means of education based on the spirit of a family life. His viewof religion- He considered the role of family education important, especially in the cultivation of man, but he said that however great the influence of family education is, it becomes helpless unless it is based on religion. But the god Pestalozzi thought about was the one he viewed in a man-centered, humanisic way. Accordingly, the true meaning of Pestalozzi's religion lies in the task of promoting oneself to a morally perfect ideal state and also enhancing oneself to the image of pure moral dimension. His view of the nation-His ideal state is the one where the hearts of a monarch, people, parents and children are closely bound together in a religious spirit. Pestalozzi placed great gravity on the degree of sincerity in performing gocernment's duties with honesty and integrity rather than the nation's political functions. 3. The principle of his educational method Primarily, Pestalozzi sought to clarify the life structure (Lebensstruktur) of man's character. That is, he attempted to find out how man forms himself through confrontations with the external world. Secondly, he worked to clarify man's spiritual modes (Geistesart eines Menschen). Thirdly, he searched to find the subjective view of self. Hence, the principle of his educational method should be sought and comprehended in the points of views as shown in the above. The following are the principles which Pestalozzi had presented for the education of man: The Principle of Self Creation (Das selbstschopferische Prinzip) The Principle of Intuition (Das Prinzip der Anschauung) The Principle of Harmony (Das Prinzip der Harmonie) The Principle of Intimacy (Das Prinzip der Nahe) The Principle of Individuality and Society (Das Prinzip der Indivedua litat und Gemeinschaft) 4. The Succession and development of his educational thoughts His educational thoughts were developed in successicn by many of his immediate followers, pedagogists and philosophers, and as a result of this, the modern national mass education became popular. His immediate followers, scattered all over in Switzerland, Germany, France,England and America, put their mentor's theor t and method of “new education”in practice, and also many pedagogists and philosophers supported the activities of these followers. It is also to be noted that Switzerland Germany, France, England, America and Japan, where the foundation of the national mass education is solidified, are the countries most greatly influenced by Pestalozzi's educational thoughts. 5. The suggestive points of his educational thoughts to Korean education By overcoming the concerned problems existing in the present and also learning from Pestalozzi the will, hope and endeavour to make our society much more better, we should set up a future-directed posture, present a vision to mankind and work to accomplish many of the present educational tasks. To do this, we are also obliged to lay great stress on family education which is the fountain of the education of man and, further, to straighten the pivot of living-room education, which is now in danger of fadiang away, by improving both the quality and the quantitiy of the education of women who are wxpected to take charge of family education. Moreover, the spirit of a sound home should be apread throughout the people, the nation and the world. Without the firm basis of a spirited people as well as the ideal-intended goal, our educational contribution to the betterment of people, nation, and world can harldy be expected. Even in this reality of skill-minded education for the modernization of our country, we ought to provide our people with a true sense of value of our spiritual life, which is nowadays being disregarded due to the present rampancy of material civilization, by steering our educational efforts greatly towards the thorough human education that is focused on the nurture of man's moral power, and on the religious faith of man, for which Pestalozzi devoted his life.
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국민교육헌장에 입각한 각급학교 교육목표 기준에 관한 연구
김선양 誠信女子大學校 1969 硏究論文集 Vol.2 No.-
The purpose of education in our country was to train the student to benefit the people, but it has not been clearly defined. Therefore, since the purpose of education has remained vague, it could not get out of the stage of trial and error. Now, with the publication of the education Charter, proclaimed by President Park, the direction of our education has become clear. This direction aims to establish the purpose of education found in the National Education Charter and to put into practice according to the classifications of educational objectives. Therefore, first we should arrange and analyse the contents of the Charter in order to determine the standards of the educational objectives for the different levels of school. We should establish unified objective based on the educational objectives prescribed in the Educational Law and those mentioned in the Charter. This research should be made carefully and stradily. In this research we should be conscious of problems. We should also preent form as a purpose. In short, we must draw up a standard to be duly considered in organizing the curriculum according to national ethics, social ethics and others. This standard should also be adhered to on the Elementary, Secondary and Higher education levels. This should be an aid for the educational objectives in each school. A task of the present study is a basic work to set up a model of education desired as an example for modernizing courses presently in our educational system not through the educational systems used in every democratic nation but through the centralizing educational system of independent Korean Character.
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