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김덕문(Kim Derk-moon),홍석일(Hong Souk-Il),신효범(Shin Hyo-Bum) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.31 No.2(구조계)
Masonry stone pagoda has been constructed by stacking the masonry stone members. It has the big difference with the structural behavior of continuum structure as discontinuum structure. The problem about the safety of masonry stone pagoda is decided by structural behavior of discontinuum surface between contact stones rather than the failure by the lack of material strength. Therefore, we estimate structural behavior of masonry stone pagoda under the lateral load according to the internal Jeoksim types.
김덕문,Kim, Derk-Moon 국립문화재연구원 2005 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.38 No.-
미륵사지석탑은 이미 오래전에 붕괴된 상태로 남아 있다. 붕괴된 시기와 원인은 역사적 기록이 남아 있지 않아 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 6층까지 무너져 내려 부재가 헝클어진 서측면 하부에는 1층 높이까지 석축이 쌓여 있다. 이 석축은 남아 있는 부분이 더 이상 무너지지 않도록 이미 오래전에 쌓았다. 그러나 언제 누가 이 석축을 쌓았는지 역사적 사실에 대한 기록이나 전해지는 이야기가 없다. 본 연구에서는 제2장에서 미륵사지석탑의 모습을 표현한 옛 문집 등에 나타나 있는 정황을 시대별로 정리하여 역사적 배경을 짐작해 보았다. 1915년 일제 강점기에 일본인들은 서측면을 둘러싸고 있는 석축 상부 무너진 경사면에 콘크리트를 덮었다. 그 후 1998년도에는 전라북도에서 미륵사지석탑에 대한 구조안전진단을 실시하였다. 문화재위원회는 구조안전 진단에 근거해서 1915년에 공사한 콘크리트를 제거하고, 탑을 보수정비하기로 결정하였다. 탑이 무너져 내린 상태는 콘크리트를 제거하면서 그대로 발견되었다. 탑의 붕괴상태는 지진 또는 기초가 침하되는 현상, 홍수, 태풍 따위의 자연 현상에 따라 각각 다른 모 습으로 나타날 수 있다고 가설을 세웠다. 이 논문에서는 제3장에서 역사적으로 기록된, 여러 가지 자연 현상에 의해 무너진 탑들의 모습을 관찰하여 그 특징을 분류해 보았다. 그리고 제4장에서 미륵사지석탑에서 나타나 있는 상태와 앞서의 다른 예들과 비교분석해 보았다. 연구결과 미륵사지석탑은 지표면보다 높게 구성되어 있는 탑의 기초에 해당하는 기단에서 우수에 의한 침식 현상이 발견되었다. 기단에서 발생한 침식은 오랫동안 지속적으로 진행된 현상으로 관찰되었다. 기단 침식이 심해지면서 서측면 1층 벽체가 바깥쪽으로 기울어지게 된 현상을 볼 수 있었다. 상부층을 받치고 있는 1층 벽체가 바깥쪽으로 기울어짐에 따라 탑의 상부 구조는 평형을 잃어 무너지게 되었을 가능성이 있다고 고찰되었다. 그밖에 지진이나 태풍, 지반 침하와 같은 자연현상에 의해 무너진 탑들에서 나타나는 붕괴상태의 특징이 미륵사지석탑에서는 뚜렷하게 발견되지 않고 있다. Although the stone pagoda in Mireuk Temple site, Iksan, Cholla Province has been collapsed long time ago, few historical record has clearly explained the reason why the pagoda was collapsed and when. The west side of the pagoda have been destroyed from top to the sixth floor and the broken or damaged stone materials have been piled up in disorder. the lower part in the west was reinforced and enclosed by a stone embankment levelled to the height of the first storey of the pagoda. With no record informing the historical fact when it was made and by whom, it is only presumed that the embankment may have been built long time ago in order to prevent remains from further destruction. In the second chapter of the study, it has been tried to restore a reasonable historical background of the pagoda based on records or comments found in literatures such as traditional poetry and essays in chronological order. The collapsed slope in the west side, just above the embankment surrounding the lower part of the pagoda, was concreted in 1915 during the Japanese colonial period. Then in 1998, the Jeollabukdo has examined the structural safety of the pagoda. The Cultural Properties Committee has decided have the concrete layer removed and moreover to take apart the whole pagoda. It is also included that the disassembled stone materials should be given proper conservation treatments before being put into the place where they were in the reassembling process. The front view of the collapsed phase of the pagoda was revealed when the concrete-covered layer was removed. A hypothesis was built that there may be as many different appearances of collapsed pagoda depending on natural causes such as earthquake, sunken foundation, flood and typhoon. In chapter three, characteristic features were classified by examining various images of pagodas destroyed by different natural reasons mentioned in historical records. The chapter four dealt with comparison and analysis on the conditions shown in the stone pagoda in Mireuk Temple site and other examples studied in advance. The result of the study revealed that though having been made higher than the ground surface, the podium or the base of the pagoda actually has been eroded by rain and water. The erosion is supposed not only to have been proceeded for a long time without break but also to have caused the first storey body stone in the west inclined to outward. It has come to a conclusion that the pagoda may have been lead to collapse when the first storey body stone, supporting the whole weight from the upper storeys, became out of upright position and lost its balance. However, no such distinctive features of structural changes shown in pagodas collapsed by natural causes like earthquake, typhoon or sunken basement, have been found in the stone pagoda in Mireuk Temple site.
김호수(Kim, Ho-Soo),김재윤(Kim, Jae-Yoon),박영신(Park, Young-Sin),정성진(Jung, Sung-Jin),김왕직(Kim, Wang-Jik),김덕문(Kim, Derk-Moon) 대한건축학회 2011 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.27 No.10
The traditional fortress structures have the various construction types in the shapes, slopes and infilled materials. Also, we should consider the various applied load conditions as design variables, and then check the dicontinuum behavior characteristics for the reasonable structural modelling and analysis of fortress structure. Therefore, this study selects the representative fortress structure, and then performs the structural modelling considering the various construction shapes and slope variations. Especially, this study evaluates the structural behaviors according to the construction types of fortress structures by comparing the stress and displacements through the discrete element analysis.
김호수(Kim, Ho-Soo),이종구(Lee, Jong-Ku),정성진(Jung, Sung-Jin),김왕직(Kim, Wang-Jik),배병선(Bae, Byung-Sun),김덕문(Kim, Derk-Moon) 대한건축학회 2013 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.29 No.8
The seokbinggo structures have the various construction types with the several configuration members and suffers the upper earth pressure. So, the seokbinggo structures show the different structural characteristics and the various load transfer mechanism. Especially, this study presents the discrete element method for the discontinuous elements and joints according to the discontinuum behavior characteristics in the masonry stone structures. Therefore, this study selects the representative seokbinggo structure and then considers the various design variables according to the construction types. Finally, this study analyzes the structural behavior characteristics of seokbinggo structures through the discontinuum structural modelling and analysis.
석탑구조물의 표면거칠기 및 충전재에 따른 석재접촉면의 구조특성 분석
김호수(Kim, Ho-Soo),김동관(Kim, Dong-Kwan),이승희(Lee, Seung-Hee),김덕문(Kim, Derk-Moon),조상순(Jo, Sang-Sun) 대한건축학회 2018 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.34 No.6
The stone pagoda structure is treated as a discontinuous masonry structure, and the contact surface characteristics between stones is a very important factor in the discontinuum behavior analysis. So, it is necessary to find out material and structural characteristics of stone contact surface to perform the structural analysis for safety evaluation. Accordingly, it is important to analyze the material properties of stone surface and secure the structural characteristics through various contact surface states. Therefore, in this study, various test specimens applying the filler between the surface roughness and the stone in the contact surface treatment technique of the stone pagoda were manufactured, and compression test and shear test were carried out. Also, we analyzed the material and structural characteristics of the stone contact surface through the comparison of experimental results.
기단부 형식을 고려한 고선사지 삼층석탑의 구조모형화 및 해석기법 연구
김호수(Kim Ho-Soo),최홍락(Choi Hong-Lak),박영신(Park Young-Sin),정성진(Jung Sung-Jin),김덕문(Kim Derk-Moon),배병선(Bae Byung-Sun) 대한건축학회 2009 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.25 No.12
Because the stone pagoda structure is considered as the discontinuum masonry system, many difficulties are given in the modelling and analysis process. Therefore, this study investigates the construction types of stylobate for the three-story stone pagoda in Goseon-sa temple site. Also, this study evaluates the vertical load transfer mechanism through the structural modelling and analysis by the discrete element analysis and finite element analysis with the consideration of the discontinuum behavior and contact surface mechanism. To this end, the internal jeoksim types of stylobate are considered in the analysis process. Also, the efficiency of load distribution method for checking the vertical load transfer of each element is analyzed through the comparison of analysis results.
김상협(Kim, Sang-Hyup),조현정(Cho, Hyun-Jung),김왕직(Kim, Wang-Jik),김호수(Kim, Ho-Soo),정성진(Jung, Sung-Jin),김덕문(Kim, Derk-Moon) 대한건축학회 2013 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.29 No.11
This study was built in the late Joseon seokbinggo will have seen how the structure and composition. Seokbinggo from the Three Kingdoms period, has a long history to modern times. Most are semi-circular arched form of seokbinggo. Tunnel-like structure without making hongyeseok all three arched at Cannes in Cannes for 5 pumpin than the skeleton, such as Sanya across arched across the flagstones between the Agency is to structure type. This is using both hongyeseok tunnel structure is the difference between creating a hongyegyo. This case with a skeleton structure of the Unified Silla cheongungyo Bulguksa and can be found in baekungyo that has a history.