중소형백화점의 활성화 방안 - 올리브백화점을 중심으로 -

김교철 한국유통과학회 2005 한국유통과학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.-

근대 중국 한족 교회의 재정 토착화 문제에 관한 고찰

김교철,정흥호 한국복음주의선교신학회 2017 복음과 선교 Vol.40 No.-

China is a multi-ethnic nation and there are ethnic Christian minorities with diverse national characteristics. Han Chinese Christianity, which is the majority of peoples in China, struggled with the Chinesezation of Christianity while accepting Western Christianity. The main problem in the Chinesezation of Christianity from the West is financial independence. The Christianity of Han zu in modern China tried to work on the indigenization of finance and self-theologizing. Chinese Han's financial indigeneous movement of Christianity has developed in various forms. However, the situation in modern China, which did not escape the semi-colonial economic structure by the West and Japan, was one of the obstacles to Christian financial independence. Chinese Christianity in modern China did not have much concern for the development of Christianity in the world because she was engaged in financial independence and the Chinesezation of theology. However, the financial indigenization of the modern Chinese Han's Christianity proceeded despite the diversity of motives and various obstacles. Now, Christianity in the Two-Thirds world needs to pay attention to the efforts of the Chinese Han Christians for the financial independence. Christianity around the world should not follow materialism and civilization-oriented missions of past Western Christianity. Rather, we must follow Jesus' incarnational mission as well as Paul's spirit of mission directed by the Holy Spirit. And we must develop a partnership missions suitable for this age. 중국은 다민족 국가이며 다양한 민족적 특색을 가진 소수 민족 기독교가 존재하고 있다. 중국 내 여러 민족 가운데 다수를 차지하는 한족(漢族) 기독교는 서구 기독교를 수용하면서 기독교의 중국화(中國化) 문제로 고민하였다. 서구에서 전해된 기독교의 중국화에 있어서 핵심 문제는 재정 자립문제이다. 근대 중국의 한족 기독교는 재정의 토착화와 자신학화 작업을 시도하였다. 중국 한족(漢族) 기독교의 재정 토착화 운동은 다양한 형태로 전개되었다. 하지만 서구와 일본에 의해 반식민지 경제 구조를 벗어나지 못했던 근대 중국 상황은 기독교 재정 자립화의 장애 요소 가운데 하나로 작용하였다. 근대 중국의 한족 기독교는 재정 자립화 및 신학의 중국화 작업에 몰두하느라 세계 기독교 발전에 공헌하는 문제는 중시하지 않았다. 하지만 근대 중국 한족 기독교의 재정 토착화 작업은 동기의 다양성과 여러 장애에도 불구하고 진행되었다. 물론 만족할 만한 성과를 이루어 내지는 못했으나, 재정 자립화 문제로 고민하는 다수세계 기독교에 귀중한 본보기가 되었다. 이제 다수세계의 기독교는 근대 중국 한족 기독교의 재정 토착화 노력을 주목할 필요가 있다. 다수세계 기독교는 근대 중국 한족 기독교처럼 서구 기독교와 재정 자립화를 성취한 각국 기독교와의 재정적 종속 관계를 종식하고 독립 자주적인 교회로 발전하기 위해 더욱 노력해야 한다. 세계 각국 기독교 역시 과거 서구 기독교의 물질과 문명 위주의 선교 방식을 무비판적으로 답습해서는 안 된다. 오히려 예수님의 성육신 선교와 바울이 성령의 지시를 따랐던 선교 정신을 우리는 계승해야 한다. 그리고 이 시대에 적합한 동반자적 선교 방식을 발전시켜야 할 것이다.

교합기능시 흉쇄유돌근과 교근의 관계에 대한 근전도학적 연구

김교철,최부병,Kim, Kyo-Chul,Choi, Boo-Byung 대한치과보철학회 1989 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and masseter muscles during occlusal functions by means of EMG recordings of examined muscles. For the study, eighteen normal subjects were selected and the Bio-electric Processor EM2 (Myo-tronics Research, Inc., U.S.A.) with the surface electrodes was used to record the EMG activity from the right and left middle of masseter and insertion of SCM of each subject during right and left gum-chewing and isometric contraction by changing the biting force at right eccentric position of jaw. The amount of biting force ranged from 5 to 70kg during isometric contraction were measured by use of Jaw Force Meter. (Nihon Koden Kogyo, Japan.) The results were as follows: 1. The activity onset of SCM and masseter on the same side was almost at the same time, and integrated EMG values of two muscles on the chewing side were higher than the same named muscles on the non-chewing side during gum-chewing. (p<0.01) 2. The regression correlation was not present between both masseters (p>0.05), but between both SCM muscles or muscles of two kinds on the chewing or non-chewing side. ($p{\leqq}0.05$) 3. The integrated EMG value of SCM on chewing or non-chewing side were about 10 percent of that of ipsilateral masseter. 4. Mean voltage of each examined muscles were almost proportional to biting force during isometric contraction and the slope of voltage/biting force line was steepest at the ipsilateral masseter, followed by contalateral masseter, ipsi- and contra-lateral SCM muscles. 5. Mean voltage of ipsilateral masseter was highest during isometric contraction, followed by ipsilateral masseter, contra- and ipsi-lateral SCM muscles.

레진접착제를 도포한 상아질에 대한 합착용 시멘트의 전단결합강도

김교철,최부병,Kim, Kyo-Chul,Choi, Boo-Byung 대한치과보철학회 1998 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.36 No.1

The purpose of this study was to confirm the formation of hybrid layer and resin tags in dentin tissue and the possibility of bonding between luting cements used for the prosthesis and the resinous surface coated with resin bonding agents to prevent the dentin hypersensitivity after abutment preparation. Some resin bonding agents, which may have the possibility of bonding with polyacrylic acid as a liquid ingredient of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements, were selected. All-Blond desensitizer containing NTG-GMA and BPDM, Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA, and XR-bond containing organophosphate were selected as a coating agent. Dental cements were zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer cement. After the exposed dentin surface of premolars was ethced with 10% phosphoric acid and coated with resin bonding agents, the morphology of treated surfaces and the resin tags and hybrid layers on sectioned surfaces were observed by SEM. Shear bond strength between the resin bonding agents and 3 kinds of cements was measured 24 hours after bonding. On the debonded surfaces of the shear bond strength tested specimens, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resin materials and cements were examined by SEM. Following conclusions were drawn : 1. Coating of dentin with resin bonding agents had no effect on the shear bond strength of zinc phosphate cement. 2. Both of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements showed the increased shear bond strength by the dentinal coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA. However, in the case of dentinal coating with some agents containing NTG-GMA and BPDM or organophosphate, polycarboxylate cement exhibited the lowered shear bond strength, and glass ionomer cement showed the unchanged shear bond strength. 3. Complete obstructions of dentinal tubules were observed on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer or XR-bond, but distinct shape of the orifices of dentinal tubules was observed consistently on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 4. The hybrid layer was thickest on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer, and the length of resin tags was longest on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 3. On the debonded specimens which had been bonded with polycarboxylate cement or glass ionomer cement after coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resinous surface and the cements could be examined.

교합기능시 흉쇄유돌근과 교근의 관계에 대한 근전도학적 연구

김교철,최대균,최부병 慶熙大學校 齒科大學 1989 慶熙齒大論文集 Vol.11 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and masseter muscles during occlusal functions by means of EMG recordings of examined muscles. For the study, eighteen normal subjects were selected and the Bio-electric Processor EM2 (Myo-tropics Research, Inc., U.S.A.) with the surface electrodes was used to record the EMG activity from the right and left middle of masseter and insertion of SCM of each subject during right and left gum-chewing and isometric contraction by changing the biting force at right eccentric position of jaw. The amount of biting force ranged from 5 to 70kg during isometric contraction were meas ured by use of Jaw Force Meter. (Nihon Koden Kogyo, Japan.) The results were as follows: 1 The activity onset of SCM and masseter on the same side was almost at the same time, and integrated EMG values of two muscles on the chewing side were higher than the same named muscles on the non-chewing side during gum-chewing. (p < 0.01) 2 The regression correlation was not present between both masseters (p > 0.05), but between both SCM muscles or muscles of two kinds on the chewing or non-chewing side. (p < 0.05) 3 The integrated EMG value of SCM on chewing or non-chewing side were about 10 percent of that of ipsilateral masseter. 4. Mean voltage of each examined muscles were almost proportional to biting force during isometric contraction and the slope of voltage/biting force line was steepest at the ipsilateral masseter, followed by contalateral masseter, ipsi- and contra-lateral SCM muscles. 5 Mean voltage of ipsilateral masseter was highest during isometric contraction, followed by ipsilateral masseter, contra- and ipsi-lateral SCM muscles.

레진접착제를 도포한 상아질에 대한 합착용 시멘트의 전단결합강도

김교철,우이형,이성복,최부병 慶熙大學校 齒科大學 1995 慶熙齒大論文集 Vol.17 No.2

The purpose of this study was to confirm the formation of hybrid layer and resin tags in dentin tissue and the possibility of bonding between luting cements used for the prosthesis and the resinous surface coated with resin bonding agents to prevent the dentin hypersensitivity after abutment preparation. Some resin bonding agents, which may have the possibility of bonding with polyacrylic acid as a liquid ingredient of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements, were selected. All-Bond desensitizer containing NTG-GMA and BPDM, Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA, and XR-bond containing organophosphate were selected as a coating agent. Dental cements were zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer cement. After the exposed dentin surface of premolars was ethced with 10% phosphoric acid and coated with resin bonding agents, the morphology of treated surfaces and the resin tags and hybrid layers on sectioned surfaces were observed by SEM. Shear bond strength between the resin bonding agents and 3 kinds of cements was measured 24 hours after bonding. On the debonded surfaces of the shear bond strength tested specimens, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resin materials and cements were examined by SEM. Following conclusions were drawn 1. Coating of dentin with resin bonding agents had no effect on the shear bond strength of zinc phosphate cement. 2. Both of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements showed the increased shear bond strength by the dentinal coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA. However, in the case of dentinal coating with some agents containing NTG-GMA and BPDM or organophosphate, polycarboxylate cement exhibited the lowered shear bond strength, and glass ionomer cement showed the unchanged shear bond strength. 3. Complete obstructions of dentinal tubules were observed on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer or XR-bond, but distinct shape of the orifices of dentinal tubules was observed consistently on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 4. The hybrid layer was thickest on the dentin coated with Al1'Bond desensitizer, and the length of resin tags was longest on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 5. On the debonded specimens which had been bonded with polycarboxylate cement or glass ionomer cement after coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resinous surface and the cements could be examined.

재한(在韓) 중국인 교회 설립과 발전에 관한 역사적 고찰

김교철 ( Kim Gyo Chul ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2017 복음과 선교 Vol.37 No.-

The propose of this study is to help the Korean church to understand the History of Chinese Church of Korea and to develop a appropriate Mission strategy for Overseas Chinese Church Planting and Growth in Korea. Western missionaries in Korea as they planning to establish Chinese Church has worked together and aimed to establish a independent Chinese Church. They have longed to see the evangelization of the Chinese all over The Korean peninsula, and try to open the churches in all the large centers. Mission work among the Chinese in Korea was started in Seoul in the summer of 1912. 1913 a paster was secured from China, who at first did part work as a colporteur, and received part of his support from the Bible Society. The evangelist at Wonsan was Mr. Yu Psin-ming. He came in February 1917. He was appointed to work among the Chinese in Wonsan and the Chinese emigrants who were constantly passing through that place. An important of Mr.Yu`s work is to meet these parties of Chinese emigrants, visit them in the inns, distribute Christian literature among them, and preach the Gospel to them. Work in Chemulpo was formally inaugurated on June 1st., 1917, by the dedication of the rented building used as a church. In 1920 Suen resigned and entered the Theological Seminary in Nanking. He returned to Korea in 1923 to open a church in Pyenyang. Fusan station was opened by Mrs. Deming in the spring of 1928, as a result of the visit of the Evangelistic Band from China, they leaving one of their member behind to care for the results of their campaign. Christian work among the Chinese in Korea was carried as Union Mission work. From 1913 on, the Presbyterian Council and Methodist Council have each contributed 100 yen a year toward the work. It has been their desire to have the work a Union one, and to have it on a self-supporting basis fron the first throwing the whole responsibility on the Chinese themselves. They aimed to establish a self-supporting Chinese Churches but there were many obstacles to hinder their goal. One of the greatest difficulties in becoming self-supporting is the migratory habits of the Chinese. They are continually moving. According to the table by F. T. YAP in 1937, The Chinese Church in Seoul is not only fiancially indepenfent but is able to secure a considerable amount towards the support of its sister institutions in other parts of the country. Korean church must learn from the History of Chinese Church Planting and it`s spirit. We have to work together and to develops cooperative spirit.

중국 조상숭배 문화에 대한 근대 서구 선교사의 커뮤니케이션과 대응

정흥호 ( Hung Ho Chong ),김교철 ( Kyo Chul Kim ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2016 복음과 선교 Vol.34 No.-

This thesis is purposed to research the strategy of missionary communication through the study on the culture of Chinese ancestor worship. The authors can find out different views on understanding missionary communication methods according to one’s own theological positions. There have been a lot of debates among western missionaries on ancestor worship in terms of Confucian culture regardless Confucianism, indigeneous religions and even cults. It was not easy to communicate the natives with western missionaries grown up in the western culture. If a missionary has an attitude to reject the native cultures or to accept all of them, there is dangerous to be exposed to syncretism and distorted Christianity on the process of communication. In the case of ancestor worship, according to Paul Hiebert, it is important to use a term “veneration” rather than “worship” until the natives can understand the connotation of the languages. Later outsiders will evaluate whether the ritual is “worship” or the expression of respect. First of all, for the effective Christian communication, the authors suggest that both Korean and Chinese Christians should set up a kind of plan to preserve the veneration of ancestor in a “family tradition.” Second, in particular, photos and relics of ancestors who have faith must be preserved in order to use them as the resources of religious education for the next generation. It would be a new “Christian’s ancestor culture” in terms of filial respect.

방효원(方孝元)의 중국(中國) 기독교(基督敎) 본색화(本色化) 이해(理解)와 실천(實踐)

정흥호 ( Chong Hung Ho ),김교철 ( Kim Kyo Chul ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2016 복음과 선교 Vol.36 No.-

Bang hyowon (1886-1953) was born in Pyonyangbukdo, North Korea and accepted the Gospel under the influence of his parents and became a Christian. After studying Korean Studies during his childhood, he graduated from Shinsung School in Pyongbuk, and studied at the Korean Christian Presbyterian Seminary in Pyongyang. In 1917, he was dispatched to Shandong, China as a missionary of Chosun Jesus Presbyterian Church. Bang missionary couple prepared for the Chinese mission while they studied the Chinese language. He participated in three Chinese Christian conferences held in Shanghai in 1922. At that time, the theme of the National Christian Church in China was the Indigenization of Church and the Chinese Churches. It was not an exaggeration to say that Bang hyowon made an effort to establish the Chinese churches of Self-supporting, Self-governing and Self-propagating as well as to reform the mission policy of the Chinese churches through the Korean mission in Shandong from 1917 to 1935. However, he had experienced many difficulties to do indigeniza tion and three self-formula even if he emphasized on and on the spirit of independence of native churches. Due to limitations and difficulties, his understanding and practice of indigenization of the Chinese churches were not successful. In fact, his missionary method was similar to John Nevius`. Nevius insisted strongly on `three-self formula` as well. Meanwhile, Nevius opposed to pay wages to Chinese evangelists while missionary Bang and Chosun Missionary Agency paid wages to 18 Chinese assistants to be hired. The contribution of Bang hyowon and Chosun Missionary Agency for Shandong mission, the first, is to cultivate the self-reliance spirit of Chinese church. The second is to set up Lai Yang whadong School in order to train church workers. The third is to establish Lai Yang Presbytery. However, it needs to research more for the independence and indigenization of the Chinese churches for further study.