삼림에서 임관에 (林冠) 의한 항우차단 (降雨遮斷) 손실에 관한 연구 (Ⅰ)

김경하,우보명 ( Kyong Ha Kim,Bo Myeong Woo ) 한국산림과학회 1988 한국산림과학회지 Vol.77 No.3

To investigate the effects of forest stand and stony characteristics on interception loss from canopy trees, throughfall and stemflow under the canopy of a pine stand and a hardwood stand were measured during 4-month periods July to October, 1986 at the Kwanak Arboretum near Anyang, and the data were analysed by correlation and regression methods. The man results obtained from this study are sumrnerized as follows : 1. The overall throughfall collected during measurement period were 593.5㎜(76.7%) in the pine stand and 663.1㎜(81.8%) in the hardwood stand oui of total percipitation of 773.8㎜. Combined regression analysis describes the relation between total precipitation(P) and throughfall(T) in the pine stand as T=-1.8673+0.8320 P. in the hardwood stand as T=-8179-0.8805P. 2. and the sum of stemflow from measurement of total precipitation in the pine stand and the hardwood stand were 37.4㎜(4.8%) and 15.5㎜(2%) respectively. In total precipitation less than 2.5㎜, stemflow- were not measured in both the pine stand and the hardwood stand. Regression equations for the pine stand and the hardwood stand are S=-0.6155+0.0698P, S=-0.0497+0.0183P. The mean slope and intercept of the individual regression of stemflow on rainfall for each fewest stand indicate the proportion of the rain diverted to the trunks and trunk water capacity, respectively. 3. Interception loss accounted for 142.9㎜(18.5%) in the pine stand and 125.2㎜(16.2%), in the hardwood stand. 4. By quadratic predictive model of relation between interception loss and total incident rainfall, the extent of variance in interception loss explained was about 72% and 61% in the pine stand and the hardwood stand respectively.

광릉(光陵) 활엽수(闊葉樹) 천연노령림(天然老齡林)과 침엽수(針葉樹) 인공유령림(人工幼齡林) 그리고 양주(楊洲) 사방지(砂防地) 혼효유령림(混淆幼齡林)의 수관통과우량(樹冠通過雨量), 수간유하량(樹幹流下量) 그리고 차단손실량(遮斷損失量)에 관하여(I) - 실험적(實驗的

김경하,전재홍,유재윤,정용호,Kim, Kyongha,Jun, Jaehong,Yoo, Jaeyun,Jeong, Yongho 한국산림과학회 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.6

본 연구는 국립산림과학원에서 운용하는 경기도 광릉시험림 내 활엽수 천연노령림과 침엽수 인공유령림 그리고 양주 사방지 혼효유령림의 수관통과우량, 수간유하량, 그리고 차단손실량을 조사하여 앞으로 임상변화가 임내우 및 차단손실량에 미치는 영향을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 전산모델을 개발하는데 필요한 자료를 확보하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 연구 대상유역인 활엽수 천연노령림은 활엽수 천연림을 대표할 수 있으며, 잣나무와 전나무림으로 구성된 침엽수 인공유령림은 1976년 조림지로서 침엽수 인공림을 대표할 수 있다. 또한 양주 사방지 혼효유령림은 1974년 사방공사를 실시한 후 현재까지 보전되어 온 임분으로 사방림을 대표할 수 있다. 조사는 2003년 3월부터 2004년 10월까지 실시하였으며, 겨울에는 측정을 중지하였다. 임외장우량은 전도형 자기우설량계로 측정하였으며, 임내우량은 임분 내에 $10m{\times}10m$의 표준구를 설정하고 수관통과우량과 수간유하량을 전도형 측정기와 CR10X 데이터 로거를 이용하여 30분 단위로 측정하였다. 약 2년간 자료를 종합한 결과, 임외강우량에서 수관통과우량과 수간유하량을 뺀 차단손실량은 잣나무림이 임외강우량(1,629.5 mm)의 37.2%인 606.6 mm로 가장 많았으며, 혼효림이 임외강우량(1,363.5 mm)의 22.6%인 308.6 mm로 가장 적었다. 수간유하량은 혼효림이 임외강우량의 10.7%로 가장 많았으며, 잣나무림이 2.4%로 가장 적었다. 임외강우량과 수관통과우량 간의 관계는 모든 조사구에서 직선회귀식으로 나타났다. 직선회귀식의 기울기인 평균 수관통과율은 수관울폐도에 따라 66%에서 77%까지 분포하였다. 임외강우량과 수간유하량은 수관통과우량에 비해 편차가 크긴 하지만 모든 조사구에서 직선회귀식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 임외강우량이 수간유하량으로 전환되는 비율은 잣나무림이 2%로 가장 낮았고 혼효림이 12%로 가장 높았다. 수간저류능은 활엽수림이 0.21 mm로 가장 높은 반면에 잣나무림이 0.003 mm로 가장 낮았다. 대체로 수간유하량은 침엽수림보다 활엽수림에서 많이 발생하였는데, 이는 임분구조에서 활엽수림이 수피가 매끄럽고 가지의 각도가 가파르기 때문이라고 판단되었다. 차단손실량은 임외강우량이 증가함에 따라 모든 조사구에서 직선적으로 증가하였다. 활엽수림과 혼효림의 경우 전나무림과 잣나무림에 비해 차단손실량의 편차가 크게 나타났는데, 이는 활엽수림과 혼효림이 계절적으로 낙엽에 의해 엽면적지수가 변하기 때문이라고 생각된다. 이상의 결과로 임분구조에 따라 임내우인 수관통과우량과 수간유하량, 그리고 차단손실량이 큰 차이를 보인다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 차단손실량을 산정하기 위한 전산모델은 임분구조에 따른 차단손실량의 변화를 나타낼 수 있어야 하며, 이는 임상별 특성과 엽면적지수 등을 매개변수로 한 모델이어야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to understand the influences of forest structure on throughfall, stemflow and interception loss. The study plots included the natural old-growth deciduous, Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla forests in Gwangneung and the rehabilitated young mixed forest in Yangju, Gyeonggido. The Pinus koraiensis and Abies hotophylla had been planted in 1976. The rehabilitated young mixed forest had been established to control erosion in 1974. Total and net rainfall were monitored from March, 2003 to October, 2004. Tipping bucket rain gauge recorded total rainfall. Throughfall and stemflow were measured by custom-made tipping bucket and CR10X data logger at each $10m{\times}10m$ plots at intervals of 30 minutes. Interception loss in the Pinus koraiensis plot were most as 37.2% of total rainfall and least as 22.6% in the rehabilitated young mixed forest. Stemflow in the rehabilitated young mixed forest was 10.7% of total rainfall and stemflow in the Pinus koraiensis plot was 2.4%. The average throughfall ratio ranged from 66% to 77% depending on the canopy coverage. The relationship of stemflow and total rainfall represented in a linear regression equation though the variation of data was large. The ratio of stemflow-conversion was 2% of total rainfall in the Pinus koraiensis plot and 12% in the rehabilitated young mixed forest, respectively. The stem storage of the natural old-growth deciduous was the largest of 0.21 mm whereas that of the Pinus koraiensis plot was the least of 0.003 mm. A deciduous forest produced stemflow more than a coniferous forest due to a smooth bark and steeply angled branches. Interception loss of all study plots increased linearly as total rainfall increased. The distribution of interception loss data related in total rainfall became wider in a deciduous forest than a coniferous. It resulted from seasonality of leaf area index in a deciduous forest. As considered above results, it was confirmed that there were great differences of throughfall, stemflow and interception loss depending on forest stand structures. The simulation model for predicting interception loss must have parameters such as forest stand characteristics and LAI in order to describe the influence of forest structure on interception loss.

삼림(森林)에서 임관(林冠)에 의한 강우차단(降雨遮斷) 손실(損失)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(I)

김경하,우보명,Kim, Kyong Ha,Woo, Bo Myeong 한국산림과학회 1988 한국산림과학회지 Vol.77 No.3

1986년(年) 7월(月)부터 10일(日)서까지 울대학교(大學校) 관악수목원(冠岳樹木園) 내(內)에서 24년생(年生) 리기테다소나무로 구성된 침엽수림분(針葉樹林分)과 14년생(年生) 신갈나무등으로 구성된 활엽수림분(闊葉樹林分)을 대상으로 삼림(森林)의 강우차단현상(降雨遮斷現像)을 구명(究明)하고자 수관통과량(樹冠通過量)과 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)을 측정(測定)하여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 측정기간(測定其間)동안 내린 총강우량(總降雨量)은 77.38mm였으며, 수관통과우량(樹冠通過雨量)은 침엽수림(針葉樹林)에서 593.3mm(76.7%), 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)에서 663.1mm(81.8%)이었다. 임외강우량(林外降雨量)(P)과 수관통과우량(樹冠通過雨量)(T)의 관계(關係)는 침엽수림(針葉樹林) ; T=-1.8675+0.8320P, T=-1.8179-0.8805P에 있다. 2) 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)이 2.5mm이하인 때는 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)이 측정(測定)되지 않았다. 임외강우량(林外降雨量)과 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)의 관계식(關係式)은 침엽수림(針葉樹林) ; S=-0.6155+0.0698P, 그리고 활엽수림(闊葉樹林) ; S=-0.0497+0.0183P이었다. 3) 차단손실량(遮斷損失量)은 침엽수림(針葉樹林)에서 총강우량(總降雨量)의 18.5%인 142.9mm, 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)에서 125.2mm(16.2%)로 침엽수림(針葉樹林)이 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)보다 약14.1%가 많았다. 4) 차단량(遮斷量)(I)과 임외강우량(林外降雨量)(P)의 관계는 침엽수림(針葉樹林)에서 $I=-0.3693+0.3666P-0.0033P^2$($R^2=0.72$), 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)에서 $I=-0.4817+0.3109P-0.0026P^2$($R^2=0.61$)로 나타났다. To investigate the effects of forest stand and stony characteristics on interception loss from canopy trees, throughfall and stemflow under the canopy of a pine stand and a hardwood stand were measured during 4-month periods July to October, 1986 at the Kwanak Arboretum near Anyang, and the data were analysed by correlation and regression methods. The man results obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The overall throughfall collected during measurement period were 593.5mm(76.7%) in the pine stand and 663.1mm(81.8%) in the hardwood stand oui of total percipitation of 773.8mm. Combined regression analysis describes the relation between total precipitation(P) and throughfall(T) in the pine stand as T=-1.8675+0.8320 P. in the hardwood stand as T=-8179+0.8805P. 2. And the sum of stemflow from measurement of total precipitation in the pine stand and the hardwood stand were 37.4mm(4.8%) and 15.5mm(2%), respectively. In total precipitation less than 2.5mm, stemflow were not measured in both the pine stand and the hardwood stand. Regression equations for the pine stand and the hardwood stand are S=-0.6155+0.0698P, S=-0.0497+0.0183P. The mean slope and intercept of the individual regression of stemflow on rainfall for each fewest stand indicate the proportion of the rain diverted to the trunks and trunk water capacity, respectively. 3. Interception loss accounted for 142.9mm(18.5%) in the pine stand and 125.2mm(16.2%), in the hardwood stand. 4. By quadratic predictive model of relation between interception loss and total incident rainfall, the extent of variance in interception loss explained was about 72% and 61% in the pine stand and the hardwood stand respectively.

신갈나무와 리기테다소나무림에서 홍수기의 강우 차단손실량을 추정하기 위한 전산모형

김경하,우보명,Kim, Gyeong-Ha,U, Bo-Myeong 한국수자원학회 1997 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.30 No.5

하천을 살리는 숲유역 관리

김경하,Kim, Gyeong-Ha 한국하천협회 2007 하천과 문화 Vol.3 No.1

Cover Story - 2012년 봄철 산불방지 대책

김경하,Kim, Gyeong-Ha 한국방재협회 2012 방재저널 Vol.14 No.2

아크 용사를 이용한 쾌속 금형 제조 기술

김경하,김선경,유영은,제태진,최두선,Kim, Kyung-Hwa,Kim, Sun-Kyung,Yu, Young-Eun,Jea, Tae-Jin,Choi, Doo-Sun 한국금형공학회 2008 한국금형공학회지 Vol.2 No.2

Recently, the study for production technology is focused on cycle time reduction as various products are manufactured. In order to manufacture tool and die, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling are researched. Stereolithography apparatus, selective laser sintering, 3D printing, laminated object manufacturing are developed in rapid prototype. The purpose of this study is to develop rapid tooling technology using thermal spray process. This technology is not well-known to korea, but this study will be contributed in development of domestic molds industry through continuous research and development.

웰드라인 제거를 위한 고온 기체 분사를 이용한 금형 표면의 가열기법

김경하,김선경,유영은,제태진,최두선,Kim, Gyeong-Ha,Kim, Sun-Gyeong,Yu, Yeong-Eun,Jea, Tae-Jin,Choi, Du-Seon 한국금형공학회 2008 한국금형공학회지 Vol.2 No.2

The application range of injection molded parts is expanding by the development of engineering plastics with good mechanical properties. Plastic products are specially used as automotive parts due to an excellent performance in the characteristics of a strength vs. weight. In this study, heating type of new method such as jet injection was applied to improve heat transfer coefficient is substituted for heating method of injection molding.

셀프리더십, 진로결정 자기효능감, 비판적 사고성향이 진로준비행동에 미치는 영향: 간호대학생 중심으로

김경하,kim, kyoung-Ha 한국융합학회 2021 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.12 No.9

본 연구는 셀프리더십, 진로결정 자기효능감, 비판적 사고성향이 간호대학생의 진로준비행동에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 시행된 서술적 조사연구이다. G시와 M시의 간호학과에 재학중인 간호대학생을 대상으로 2019년 4월부터 6월까지 자료를 수집하였고 208명의 자료를 분석하였다. 자료는 기술적 통계, 독립표본 평균 검정, 일원 배치 분산분석, 피어슨 상관계수, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 셀프리더십(β=.331, p<.001)과 진로결정 자기효능감(β=.302, p<.001)은 진로준비행동에 정적으로 영향을 나타냈으며, 연구모형은 진로준비행동을 38.7% 설명하였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 간호대학생의 진로준비행동을 촉진하기 위해 셀프리더십과 진로결정 자기효능감을 향상키기기 위한 방안들이 간호교육 현장에서 개발 및 운영되어야 함을 알 수 있다. This study examined to identify the effect of self-leadership, career decision-making self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition on career preparation behavior in nursing students. Data were collected from nursing students attending in nursing departments in G and M cities from April to June 2019. The 208 data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Self-leadership(β=.331, p<.001) and critical thinking disposition(β=.302, p<.001) reported to have effect on career preparation behavior. The study model accounted for 38.7% of career preparation behavior. These results suggest that measures to promote self-leadership and career decision-making self-efficacy should be developed and operated to improve career preparation behavior of nursing students in the nursing education field.

원적외선 대역의 태양 직사광 해수면 반사신호 특성 연구

김경하,Kim, Kyung Ha 한국군사과학기술학회 2018 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.21 No.3

In maritime environment, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of sunglint since it may degrade the target detection performance of the infrared sensor mounted weapons. In this paper, sunglint in LWIR band is modeled using the slope distribution of the sea surface, and is verified by comparing the radiance of a simulated result with that of the real world. According to the simulation, sunglint is critical when the solar zenith angle is over $60^{\circ}$. The peak radiance of sunglint grows as the solar zenith angle increases until it reaches $83^{\circ}$ and has a large difference depending on the solar zenith angle when the wind speed is small. Finally, seasonal and temporal characteristics of sunglint effects are analyzed. In summer, sunglint is dominant in the horizon near the solar azimuth right after sunrise and before sunset. However, in winter, the influence of sunglint lasts even during the daytime since the elevation of the sun is much lower than in summer.