진실적시명예훼손죄의 위법성조각사유에 대한 판례의 판단기준 검토 - ‘공공의 이익’을 중심으로-

고려진 ( Ko Ryoe-jin ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2021 一鑑法學 Vol.0 No.48

진실적시명예훼손죄의 폐지론과 존치론의 주장이 팽팽하다. 형법 제310조의 위법성조각사유가 있어 표현의 자유 보호 문제와 조화를 이룰 수 있다고 하나, 표현의 자유는 ‘위축 효과’라는 특성이 있고, 위법성조각사유를 구성하는 요소인 ‘공공의 이익’은 그 개념자체로 모호하다는 한계가 있다. 특히 사인에 대한 명예훼손행위의 경우 과연 공공의 이익이 무엇인지 의문이다. 본 연구를 통해 실제로 사인에 대한 진실적시명예훼손죄 사건에서 ‘공공의 이익’을 적용하여 위법성조각사유를 판단한 형사 법원의 판결례를 분석한 결과, ‘공공의 이익’의 주된 구성요소인 ‘공적 관심사’에 대한 일반적ㆍ구체적 판단 기준을 확인할 수 없었고, 그 판단 기준별 또는 사례별로도 객관적인 유형화가 곤란하였다. 법원의 심급별 판단 결과가 다른 경우도 상당히 많았다. 결국 진실적시명예훼손죄는 위법성조각사유라는 안전장치가 있다 하더라도 형법의 기본원칙인 명확성과 예측가능성에 반한다는 문제를 극복하기 어렵다. 표현의 자유에 대한 위축효과 문제가 심각한 점을 더하여 보면 진실적시명예훼손죄는 즉시 폐지하고 관련 민사상 구제수단을 정비하는 것이 바람직하다. There is a sharp division of opinions between the maintenance and abolition of criminal defamation by publicly alleging facts. The justification clause of Article 310 of the Criminal Act can help strike a balance between freedom of expression and defamation by publicly alleging facts. However, a chilling effect can deter freedom of expression, and the concept of public interest, one of the elements for justifying defamation acts has been criticized as vague and ambiguous. In particular, in the case of defamation against a private person, it is questionable what actually constitutes the public interest. According to this analysis, which analyzed the previous decisions of criminal courts that applied the test criteria for the public interest to decide the applicability of justification clause in the cases of defamation against a private person by publicly alleging facts, general or specific standards applicable to the matter of public concern, one of the elements constituting public interest, were not found, and it was also difficult to objectively categorize the accumulated precedents, such as similar decisions per the criteria element or type of matter. In addition, there are many cases in which appellate courts overruled trial courts’ decisions. Hence, criminal defamation by publicly alleging facts is unlikely to satisfy the principles of clarity and predictability, which are fundamental principles of the criminal law, although the justification clause safeguards it. If we consider the chilling effect problem associated with freedom of expression, it is better to abolish criminal defamation by publicly alleging facts and enforce applicable civil remedies.

재범 추적을 통한 한국판 PCL-R의 예측타당성 연구

고려진(Ko Ryeo-jin),손세림(Sohn Se-rim),한상국(Han Sang-gook),이수정(Lee Soo-jung) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2016 형사정책연구 Vol.106 No.-

인터넷 모욕죄의 피해자 특정과 인터넷 ID 명예주체성 연구

고려진(Ko, Ryoe-Jin) 대검찰청 2021 형사법의 신동향 Vol.- No.72

헌법재판소는 2007헌마461결정을 통해 ‘인터넷 모욕죄에서 피해자의 인터넷 ID만을 알 수 있을 뿐 그 밖의 주위사정을 종합해 보더라도 그와 같은 인터넷 ID를 가진 사람이 피해자임을 알 수 없는 경우에는 피해자가 특정되었다고 볼 수 없어 모욕죄가 성립하지 않는다’고 판시하였다. 이 결정은 헌법재판소가 피해자 ‘특정’의 의미를 일반적인 용례와는 달리 적용한 것이고, 인터넷 ID로만 표상되는 인터넷 자아에 대해서는 그 자체로 명예주체성을 인정하지 않은 것이다. 위 헌법재판소의 법리를 적용한 지난 10여 년간의 인터넷 모욕죄 판례들을 검토한 결과, 우연한 사정에 의해 범죄성립 여부가 결정되거나 법리 적용이 비일관적이고 피해자가 특정되었다고 판단하는 기준 자체도 불명확하다는 등의 문제점들을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 문제점은 ‘피해자 특정’의 개념을 본래의 의미대로 적용하면 모두 해결되므로, 결국 쟁점은 인터넷 ID로만 표상되는 인터넷 자아에 대해 그 자체로 명예주체성을 인정할 수 있는가의 문제로 귀결된다. 명예는 그 특성상 사람의 인격적 가치를 이루는 핵심 내용이자 결과이므로 명예의 주체는 ‘자아정체성’을 가지는 사람이어야 한다. 과거에는 자아정체성을 일원적･고정적 개념으로 이해하여 인터넷상의 자아정체성에 대해서는 논의의 여지조차 없었다. 헌법재판소 결정도 이러한 관점에 기초한 것이다. 그러나 인터넷 이용이 보편화된 현대 사회에서는 인터넷 자아 역시 고유의 자아정체성을 가지는 존재로 여겨진다. 인터넷 자아정체성은 개인의 복합 정체성(multiple identity)을 이루는 불가분의 일체로 해석되기도 한다. 당연히 인터넷 자아 역시 명예를 가지는 존재이고 그 명예는 보호받을 가치가 있다. 따라서 이와 달리 인터넷 모욕죄에서 피해자 특정의 의미를 달리 적용하면서 인터넷 자아의 명예주체성을 부인하는 헌법재판소의 기존 결정은 변경되어야 할 것이다. The Constitutional Court of Korea decided on an online defamation case (Case Number: 2007 Heon Ma 461) as follows: “In the Cyber Defamation Law, when a victim’s user ID is known and a specific victim cannot be determined only with his or her user ID, despite taking other relevant circumstances into account, the victim cannot be considered as having been identified. Therefore, it is decided that no criminal act has been committed.” This decision suggests that the Constitutional Court does not seem to recognize the subjectivity of honor in reference to online identity represented by user IDs, while applying the meaning of the concept “victim identification” somewhat differently from its general sense. This study examined the criminal precedents to which the Constitutional Court’s legal principles as stated above have been applied over the last ten years. As a result, some crimes with accidental circumstances, the inconsistency in the application of the legal principles, and unclear criteria for identifying victims. Such problems can be rectified by applying the notion of victim identification in terms of its original meaning, and consequently, this issue leads to the question of whether it is possible to recognize the subjectivity of honor with regards to online identity represented by user IDs. Honor can be seen as a core element, which by its nature constitutes an individual’s personal value, and honor inevitably results from this personal value. In this regard, the subject of honor has to be connected to a person with his or her identity. In the past, the concept of identity was understood as a monolithic and completely fixed one and there was no room for discussion concerning a person’s online identity. This idea has, until recently, had a great impact on the decision of the Constitutional Court. In today’s society, however, Internet access has become more common than ever before, and naturally, an individual’s identity on the Internet can be recognized as another distinct identity. One interesting interpretation of online identity is that it is part of multiple identities and is inextricably linked with them. To conclude, online identity has a characteristic of honor and is worthy of protection. The Constitutional Court, however, has denied the subjectivity of honor with respect to a person’s online identity. It has also applied a different meaning of victim identification in the Cyber Defamation Law. Therefore, the Constitutional Court’s decisions need to be altered.

시각 반응 시간(VRT) 측정 방식을 통한 아동 대상 성범죄자들의 성적 기호 평가에 대한 연구

고려진 ( Ryeo Jin Ko ),이수정 ( Soo Jung Lee ) 대한범죄학회 2009 한국범죄학 Vol.3 No.2

The present study assessed visual reaction time as a measure of sexual interest in sexual offenders against children and sexual offenders against adults. Data collected from 25 sexual offenders(11 sexual offenders against children and 14 sexual offenders against adults). Participants rated sexual attractiveness of each picture while the length of time they spent time each picture was unobtrusively measured. And they also rated the Sexual Interest Cardsort Questionnaire which was self-reported measure about deviant sexual interest on 65 paraphiliac descriptions. According to the result, there is significant difference between the two groups. The difference index between female-adult pictures and female-child pictures were measured. The difference index of sexual offenders against children was significantly shorter than that of sexual offenders against adults. This means that sexual offenders against children viewed female-child pictures longer than sexual offenders against adults. Ratings of sexual attractiveness and visual reaction time were positively correlated. Also ratings of cardsort questionnaire and visual reaction time were positively correlated.

연구논문 : 성폭력 범죄자 재범방지 치료 처우 강화 방안: 미국 사례를 중심으로

이수정 ( Soo Jung Lee ),고려진 ( Ryeo Jin Ko ) 대한범죄학회 2007 한국범죄학 Vol.1 No.1

본 연구에서는 최근 들어 증가하는 상습적 성범죄에 대한 적절한 법적, 제도적 방안을 정착시키기 위해 미국에서 현재 시행되고 있는 성범죄자를 위한 다양한 치료 프로그램을 탐색해보고 우리나라의 형사정책에 적용할 수 있는 지를 논의해 보았다. 먼저 성범죄의 정의와 발생추이를 살펴보고 미국의 재범추적 연구 보고를 통한 성범죄 유형별 재범율을 살펴보았다. 미국에서는 이미상습적 성범죄자들에 대한 논의가 심화되었고 그 결과로 성범죄자에 대한 등록 시스템에서부터 심리치료, 약물 치료 등을 포함한 성폭력 흉악범(SVP)에 대한 강제적 민간위탁 치료프로그램의 시행에 이르기까지 각 주마다 다양한 정책을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 워싱턴, 캘리포니아와 유일하게 외래치료를 실시하고 있는 텍사스의 실태를 살펴보았다. 또한 미국의 교정시설 내에서 시행되고 있는 전문 성범죄 치료프로그램의 실태를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 우리나라에서도 이러한 형사 정책적 방안들이 조속히 정착될 수 있도록 제도적, 법적 장치가 마련되길 바란다. The sex offender recidivism has increased over the past several years. However, legislation for treatment of sex offenders has not been made in Korea. Thus, this study explored the treatment programs for sex offenders in the U.S. which has already enacted various management laws for violent sex offenders such as registration, psychological therapy, and pharmacotherapy, especially, the involuntary civil commitment of sexual violent predator(SVP). This study examined first the meaning of sexual offence and the prevalence of sexual offender in Korea and in the U.S. Then this study explored the civil commitment in Washington, California, and Texas which only have outpatient treatment, and the prison-based specialized sex offender treatment program across the U.S. Finally, we discussed in Korea how we could plan treatment for sex offender to prevent sexual offence in the future and what we need for treatment of sex offender in our criminal justice system.

한국판 위험성평가도구, K0RAS-G(Korean Offender Risk Assessment-General) 타당도 연구

이수정 ( Soo Jung Lee ),고려진 ( Ryeo Jin Ko ) 대한범죄학회 2011 한국범죄학 Vol.5 No.2

본 연구는 2010년도 한국형사정책연구원에서 개발한 위험성평가도구인 KORAS-G의 재범예측타당도를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. KORAS-G의 위험요인은 총 17개로 구성되었다. 일반적으로 위험성평가도구의 타당도를 확인하기 위하여 가장 적절한 준거지표는 미래에 발생하게 되는 재범 여부이다. 재범에 관한 자료를 확보하기 위하여서는 피조사자를 일정 시간 추적 조사해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 2010년도 예비 KORAS-G 개발 당시교정시설에 수용되어 있던 피조사자들에 대하여 출소한 이후 사회 내에서 다시금 범죄를 저질렀는지 여부를 최종 준거지표로 삼았다. 본 연구를 위하여 2011년도에 재범 관련 자료를 수집하였을 당시 피조사자들의 사회 내 재범 추적기간은 최장 14개월 정도가 소요된 것으로 확인되었다. 이때 재범 여부는 범죄의 구성요건이 확인되어 검찰로 송치된 기록과 재판단계를 거쳐 유죄로 최종 확정된 기록을 활용하였다. KORAS-G 총점의 재범예측력을 확인하기 위하여서는 재범(검찰 송치) 여부에 대한 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 KORAS-G의 총점은 피조사자들의 1년 후 재범(검찰 송치) 여부와 누범 여부에 대하여 모두 유의한 영향력을 발휘하였다. KORAS-G 총점의 예측정확률에 대한 최종분석을 위하여 ROC분석과 생존분석(Survival Analysis)을 적용하였다. KORAS-G의 최종적인 변별기준점 산출을 위해서는 송치누범군과 송치 비누범군을 준거지표로 사용하였는데, 변별기준점을 13점과 14점으로 선택하였을 때 재범예측정확률인 AUC는 최대가 되었으며 .667에 이르렀다. 이때의 민감도와 특이도는 13점의 경우 .952와 .381이었고, 14점인 경우에는 .905와 .429이었다. 13점과 14점은 여러 가지 통계치 상 유의한 차이를 야기하지 않았기에 결과적으로 13점을 변별기준점으로 결정하고 KORAS-G 총점이 13점 이상인 범죄자를 고위험군이라 정의하였다. 13점을 기준으로 생존분석을 실시하자, 12점 이하 집단에서 10개월 이내에 재범한 경우는 6명이었고, 13점 이상 집단에서는 16명이었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 재범 발생 시점을 종결 사건의 비율로 추정하니, 13점 이상 집단에서는 3개월 이후 4개월 직전과 6개월 이후 7개월 직전까지 재범 발생확률이 가장 높았다. 12점 이하 집단은 재범추적 종료 시점에 누적 생존비율은 85%였고, 13점 이상 집단은 74%였다. 두 집단의 생존율의 차이를 Generalized Wilcoxon Test로 검정한 결과, 두 집단의 생존율은 유의미한 차이가 있었다(Wilcoxon (Gehan) statistic = 4.945, df = 1,p = .026). This study aimed to validate the integrated form of assessment tool to measure future risk of offenders with various criminal acts, called KSORAS-G. From previous literature review, static risk factors such as age at first offence, history of prior convictions, and juvenile records were proven to be important predicting recidivism with other minor variables. Also it was found that dynamic factors effective to predict recidivism were education, marital status, attitudes supportive of crime, faulty cognitions, sexual deviant preference, alcohol use, substance abuse, and mental problems. Finally, in the first year of development of this tool KORAS-G(Korean Offender Risk Assessment System-General) consisted of 17 risk factors. In this study, the validity evidences were gathered for the KSORAS-G through a recidivism follow-up study of the inmates who participated in the first year of study. Since an inmate with early release among participants of the first year of the study discharged from the prison in August in 2010, the maximum follow-up duration became 14 months. The recidivism was encoded as the records of indictment and conviction. Each risk factors was analyzed to be effective predicting recidivism by chi-square, analyses of variances and linear and logistic regressions. As a result, rule violation records, alcohol use and drug abuse, previous criminal records, and antisocial tendency. Repetitive indictments were significantly correlated with education, early delinquency, and juvenile institutionalization. Interestingly, almost none of risk factors were related to conviction records. This was inferred to happen since more erroneous variables besides criminal act itself were intervened such as employment of an expensive private lawyer. Therefore, indictment records were utilized to apply the final cutoff of total score of KSORAS-G. The ROC curve presented 13 must be the most proper cutoff to differentiate future risk of participants. The sensitivity of the specificity were repectively .952 and .381. The survival analysis presented offenders obtaining KORAS-G below the score of 12 had the accumulated survival rate was 85%. On the other hand the survival rate of offenders obtaining KORAS-G above the score of 13 was 74%. This difference between two survival probabilities was statistically significant(Wilcoxon (Gehan) statistic = 4.945, df = 1, p = .026).

소년범의 검사 결정전조사제도를 위한 위험성평가도구 개발연구

홍영오(Hong Young-Oh),노성호(Noh Seoung Ho),이수정(Lee Suejung),고려진(Ko Ryeo-Jin) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2009 형사정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

누도내시경 검사: 체계적 문헌고찰

이민진(Min-jin Lee),신해원(Hae-Won Shin),전미혜(Mi Hye Jeon),고려진(Reo Jin Ko),신채민(Chaemin Shin) 한국보건의료연구원 2018 근거와 가치 Vol.4 No.1

Objectives: The aim of this research was to assess the safety and effectiveness of dacryoendoscopy in lacrimal duct disease. Methods: The literature review for dacryoendoscopy was done using 8 Korea databases, Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. A total of 7 articles were included in the final assessment by two reviewers. Results: The safety of the technique is acceptable as no complications were reported that would pose a risk to the patient. The assessment of effectiveness for dacryoendoscopy was based on additional lesions found and impact on medical outcomes. i) 4 articles reported additional lesions found including cause of lesion, diagnostic changes in degree and location of obstruction. ii) 3 articles reported that the dacryoendoscopy has a positive impact on the choice of appropriate treatment strategies. Conclusion: Dacryoendoscopy is a safe and effective technique for identifying the cause, degree and location of the lesion in patients with lacrimal duct disease.

갑상선결절에서 추가 횡파 탄성 초음파검사의 진단정확성: 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석

박선영 ( Sun-young Park ),송지양 ( Ji Yang Song ),이민진 ( Min Jin Lee ),이경민 ( Kyung Min Lee ),전미혜 ( Mi Hye Jeon ),고려진 ( Ryeo Jin Ko ),김석현 ( Seok-hyun Kim ),강봉주 ( Bong Joo Kang ) 대한갑상선학회 2018 International Journal of Thyroidology Vol.11 No.1

Background and Objectives: The diagnostic performance of shear wave elastography (SWE) combined with ultrasound (US) in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules was evaluated. Materials and Methods: 459 articles were collected using KoreaMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The searching words were ‘{(elastography and shear).mp. OR SWE.mp. OR acoustic radiation force impulse.mp. OR ARFI.mp. OR acuson.mp. OR aixplorer.mp.}’. Two authors independently performed article selection and evaluation of the quality of studies with Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network tool. Results: 2582 specimens (thyroid nodules) from 11 studies selected were included in this review. Combined use of US and SWE was reported higher specificity in five literatures, lower specificity in five studies, and no changes in 1 study when compared to US. We performed meta-analysis using data from 10 studies. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of US and SWE group for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant nodules were 0.91 (I²=83.4%), 0.73 (I²=95.9%). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of US alone group were 0.88 (I²=93.2%), 0.71 (I²=92.7%). Conclusion: SWE is not effective in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules to minimize unnecessary biopsy of nodules. The included studies showed significant heterogeneity of results.

재가 중증 뇌병변 장애인의 기능상태 및 케어요구 목록 평가

고려진,유원섭,이꽃메,이소나,김교현,오희영 대한간호행정학회 2008 간호행정학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Purpose: Using comprehensive and valid instrument, MDS-HC 2.0, this study aimed to analyze the functional status and to evaluate the care needs of the community-dwelling disabled with cerebral impairment. Method: With a convenient sample of 88 disabled with cerebral impairment, the data were collected at a community health center located in rural area in Choongchung providence in August 2005. Subject's functional status and care needs were evaluated using Minimum Data Set-Home Care version 2.0. Result: Significant proportion of subjects were totally dependent for locomotion-outdoor (26.1%), personal hygiene (24.1%), bathing (24.1%). For IADLs, over 40% of subjects were totally dependent for ordinary house work, managing finances, or shopping. Top five ranked care needs were preventive health care measures (100%), communication disorders (71.6%), visual function (55.7%), health promotion (52.3%), and pressure ulcers (48.9%). The proportion of triggered clinical assessment protocols were significantly higher in disability level I group for the risk of institutionalization (p=<.001), communication disorders (p=.004), cognitive problems (p=.001), pressure ulcers (p=<.001), skin and foot conditions (p=.010), and urinary incontinence and indwelling catheters (p=<.001). Conclusions: It is necessary to provide community based rehabilitation services that are individualized for their service needs thus enhance optimal level of functioning.