後進國經濟政策의 몇 가지 根本的問題에 關하여

Bin-Gou Kang(姜濱口) 서울대학교 경제연구소 1964 經濟論集 Vol.3 No.2

Ⅰ. Introduction. In this thesis, some ideas for the possible economic progress in the under-developed countries are proposed. An under-developed country is generally defined as a country with low national income not capable of deciding its course toward development. Though remitted from cultural backwardness, their economical structure is westernized. Approach to the problems of the under-developed countries is to be divided by comparison with the historical study, econometric study, and study on the economic policy. This thesis is based upon the latter. Ⅱ. Political View of Economy. It is dangerous to use history as guidence for development. Nothing common is found between matters of process of the advanced countries' economical growth and the present problems of the under-developed countries. The major difference is the fact that Europe of the 19th century was the precursor of the world and penetrated first into the world market while the under-developed countries of today are under the unbalanced internal economic situation and unfavorable conditions among the world markets, which are not organized in democracy. Ⅲ. On the Agricultural Problems. The agricultural structure of the under-developed countries is characterized by the limited mobility of funds which are formed of incomes from agricultural production, and the low proportion of agricultral investment. Ⅳ. On the Commercial Problems. One of the basic characteristics of under-developed economics is the strong tendency to commercialization. Entrepreneurs' income does not depend upon the formation of productive capital, but upon the exchange of merchandise. The split into innumerable small capitals makes participation of the innumberable agents on each commercial operation. The appearable realization of intermediate gains decreases the productive willingness and the commercial capital accumulation does not serve on economical construction. Ⅴ. On the Industrial Problems. Not only the accumulation of capital is important, but judicious utilization of this accumulated capital in accordance with the established programme is rather more important. It is necessary also to devise the methods permitting for the increase of the labor factor and the economization of natural resources and capital of the production factors. Ⅵ. On Financing Economic Growth. 1. First Aspect. The monopoly is formed, in under-developed economy, by legislative measure such as loose rhythm of economic growth, rarefaction of capital, insufficiency of demands; a group formed by a number of entrepreneurs, as that of pressure. Therefore, the monopoly is not the result of strict concurrence. It is far from advanced economics that the enterpreneurs' profit does not provoke the additional production factors and the decrease of prices. The familiar enterprises contribute negatively toward an important part of economics in underdeveloped countries. Such enterprises are financed mostly by auto-financement. The banks mostly utilize the commercial method and aim at researching customers' solvability and high rate of interest, inclination toward short-term loans which favor speculation and monopoly situation of import-export. The infra-structure is impossible to build by the minor size of private spontaneous saving which could be considered as a by-product of consumption. This matter shows the necessity of appeal for enforced saving. 2. Second Aspect. The transmission of capital from personal possession to that of the state through impositions of taxes makes efficient utilization of it possible, especially, heavy taxes on luxuries, for example, with the aim of controlling the consumation of imported merchandize besides other necessaries. Ⅶ. Conclusion. The inferiority of under-developed countries can not be covered by opportunism of economic policy, but recovery could be achieved through the political policy. Unless an international equality is assured, it is natural that a consciousne

「리베르만」 論爭과 實際

Bin-Gou Kang(姜濱口) 서울대학교 경제연구소 1966 經濟論集 Vol.5 No.1

I. Introduction The idea has been accepted for a long time that profit is what keeps going capitalist enterprises and economy. Under capitalism, therefore, the pursuit of maximum profit seems to be its aim without preestablishing any kind of coordination with or program for the whole of society. This kind of reasoning remains true, even if one favours the theory of the purpose of enterprise that has been developed in recent years, the most outstanding scholar in this field being P. F. Drucker, who refuses maximization of profit as the purpose of enterprise by replacing it by "adequate profit" as the first responsibility towards society. In the same way the emerging of managerial society does not oppose the above reasoning either, because the parts played by the capitalist so far will only be taken over by the managers of industrial enterprises. For these reasons it is astonishing that the notion of profit, characteristic of capitalist society, is being introduced into the socialist economy of USSR. The association of the terms of "profit" and "communism" has, at first glance, a shocking effect. The introduction of profit has come about after a series of discussions, the contents of which have been called Libermanism. Liberman, professor at the University of Kharkov, becomes the exponent of new theories in 1962 and after the personal changes at the Kremlin, the discussions of Libermanism are led with more fervour while experiments with a number of his new ideas are being carried through. We have, therefore, reasons to ask: Are the USSR going to let themselves inspire by capitalism and are they trying to adopt profit as a motor for social production ? Does this mean a confession of failure concerning economic planning practised until now ? Reality is less spectacular: there is no economic revolution in the USSR. The experiments carried out now are rather meant to improve planning than to undermine its foundations. If profit is being introduced into this system its function is very different from that in capitalism. II. Evaluation of P. F. Drucker's Theory of Profit P. F. Drucker thinks that his theory about profit and profitability may be applied regardless of any difference in economic or social systems. Thus, according to him, "profit figures are the only thing the management has to go by when it makes his decisions-in a collectivist and planned as well as in a free-enterprise economy. They are inevitably the first yardstick and gauge of performance." And "profitability operates as much under collectivism as under individualism, under government control and government ownership as in a free-enterprise system." The validity of this indiscriminating application is dubious. Profit under socialism, admitted and considered necessary already by Lenin, is clearly subordinated to the principle of planned national economy. The fact that all enterprises in the USSR are nationalized makes profit outside planned economy impossible. And therefore the fulfilment of the plan is "the first yardstick and gauge of performance." Consequently, profit, being "a necessity of survival" to the enterprise for Drucker, need not be so under socialism. The enterprise or its survival does not depend on the profit it makes but rather on the decision of a state which may even close down a profitable enterprise if it is thought necessary. Moreover, there may be enterprises operating with a deficit foreseen in the plan. Under the planned economy therefore, profit is not "the first social responsibility as well as its first duty toward itself and its workers." Drucker further defines profit as "the risk premium that covers the costs of staying in business-replacement, obsolescence, market risk and uncertainty," and that "profit insures the supply of future capital for innovation and expansion." But if an enterprise estimated as important within the plan should not have made the profit estimated in the plan itself, the state will take over the ri

Auxin 수용체의 생리적 기능

강빈구 ( Bin Goo Kang ) 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 1988 생화학총설집 Vol.2 No.-

녹두 하배축에서의 Ethylene Forming Enzyme 의 억제제로서의 2 , 3 , 5 - Triiodobenzoic Acid

김순영,강빈구 ( Soon Young Kim,Bin G . Kang ) 생화학분자생물학회 1987 BMB Reports Vol.20 No.2

Auxin-induced ethylene production in hypocotyl segments of etiolated mung bean seedlings was severely inhibited by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), a potent inhibitor of auxin transport. However, the inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by the transport inhibitor was found to be unrelated to an obvious impairment of the auxin transport system. The inhibitor also suppressed ethylene production from segments fed with 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene. TIBA treatment also led to a substantial accumulation of ACC in the tissue incubated with either auxin or ACC. These findings suggest that TIBA inhibits ethylene production by specifically blocking the conversion of ACC to ethylene. The possibility of TIBA acting as a free radical scavenger was ruled out by the lack of TIBA effect on chemiluminescence in a luminol-based system in vitro. Results obtained from experiments with mercaptoethanol suggest that TIBA may act as a sulfhydryl inhibitor on $quot;ethylene forming enzyme (EFE)$quot;, the enzyme catalyzing the formation of ethylene from the penultimate precursor, ACC.

2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid as an Inhibitor of Ethylene Forming Enzyme in Mung Bean Hypocotyls

김순영,강빈구,Kim, Soon-Young,Kang, Bin-G. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1987 한국생화학회지 Vol.20 No.2

오옥신 전달억제물질로 알려진 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA)는 황화녹두 하배축 조직에서 오옥신유도 에틸렌 생성을 억제하였으며, 이러한 억제는 오옥신 전달억제와는 관련이 없다는 것을 알게되었다. 이 억제물질은 에틸렌 바로 전단계 중간대사물인 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)에 의한 에틸렌 생성도 비슷한 양상으로 억제 시켰으며 또 조직에서 ACC의 축적을 증가시켰다. 이러한 사실은 TIBA가 ACC에서 에틸렌으로 전환되는 과정을 특정하게 억제한다는 것을 시사하고 있다. TIBA 가 free radical scavenger로서 작용할 가능성은 luminol chemiluminescene의 실험 결과 배제되었다. Mercaptoethanol을 이용한 실험결과는 TIBA가 ethylene forming enzyme에 sulfhydryl 억제제로 작용한다는 가능성을 뒷받침 하고있다. Auxin-induced ethylene production in hypocotyl segments of etiolated mung bean seedlings was severely inhibited by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), a potent inhibitor of auxin transport. However. the inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by the transport inhibitor was found to be unrelated to an obvious impairment of the auxin transport system. The inhibitor also suppressed ethylene production from segments fed with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). the immediate precursor of ethylene. TIBA treatment also led to a substantial accumulation of ACC in the tissue incubated with either auxin or ACC. These findings suggest that TIBA inhibits ethylene production by specifically blocking the conversion of ACC to ethylene. The possibility of TIBA acting as a free radical scavenger was ruled out by the lack of TIBA effect on chemiluminescence in a luminol-based system in vitro. Results obtained from experiments with mercaptoethanol suggest that TIBA may act as a sulfhydryl inhibitor on "ethylene forming enzyme (EFE)", the enzyme catalyzing the formation of ethylene from the penultimate precursor, ACC.

Action of Lithim Ions on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Hypocotyl Segments of Vigna radiata

이명숙,강빈구,Lee, Myung-Sook,Kang, Bin-G. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1987 한국생화학회지 Vol.20 No.2

황화녹두의 하배축에서 LiCl는에틸렌 생성을 유도하였다. 리튬이온은 또 IAA나 ACC에 의하여 유도된 에틸렌 생성도 증가시켰다. 리튬이온에 의한 IAA유도에틸렌 생성의 증가는 IAA 흡입에 대한 영향의 결과는 아니라는 결론을 얻었다. IAA의 높은 농도(1 mM)로 생성되는 에틸렌의 생성은 리튬이온에 의하여 오히려 억제되는 양상을 보였다. $^3H$-uridine과 $^3H$-leucine을 이용한 실험으로 리튬이온은 이 조직에서 RNA 및 단백질 합성을 억제시킨다는 결과를 얻였다. 이러한 실험결과들을 토대로 리튬이온이 에틸렌 생합성 경로에서 어디에 작용 하는지를 고찰하였다. Non-osmotic concentrations of LiCl promoted ethylene production from hypocotyl segments of etiolated mung bean seedlings. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-induced, as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-based ethylene production was further promoted by treatment of the segments with lithium ions. Results of experiments using labelled IAA indicated that the promotive effect of $Li^+$ on auxin-induced ethylene production was not a result of possible mediation of auxin uptake in to the cell by the cation. The lithium effect on auxin-induced ethylene production was found to be reversed at high concentrations (eg. 1 mM) of added IAA. Syntheses of both protein and RNA in the tissue as measured by in vivo incorporations of $^3H$-leucine and $^3H$-uridine respectively into TCA precipitates were likewise inhibited by lithium ions. Possible sites of lithium action in the pathway of ethylene biosynthesis will be discussed.

Vigna radiate 하배축 절편에서 에틸렌 생합성에 대한 리튬이온의 작용

이명숙,강빈구 ( Myung Sook Lee,Bin G . Kang ) 생화학분자생물학회 1987 BMB Reports Vol.20 No.2

Non-osmotic concentrations of LiCl promoted ethylene production from hypocotyl segments of etiolated mung bean seedlings. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-induced, as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-based ethylene production was further promoted by treatment of the segments with lithium ions. Results of experiments using labelled IAA indicated that the promotive effect of Li^+ on auxininduced ethylene production was not a result of possible mediation of auxin uptake into the cell by the cation. The lithium effect on auxin-induced ethylene production was found to be reversed at high concentrations (eg. 1 mM) of added IAA. Syntheses of both protein and RNA in the tissue as measured by in vivo incorporations of ³H-leucine and ³H-uridine respectively into TCA precipitates were likewise inhibited by lithium ions. Possible sites of lithium action in the pathway of ethylene biosynthesis will be discussed.

옥수수 ( Zea mays L. ) 자엽초 절편에서 Naphtylphthalamic Acid 에 대한 오옥신 이동계의 감지적응

윤인선(In Sun Yoon),강빈구(Bin G . Kang) 한국식물학회 1991 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.34 No.4

Partial recovery in auxin transport capacity from inhibition by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was observed when corn coleoptile segments were subjected to a prolonged NPA treatment. Kinetic data indicated that the recovery time is a function of the concentration of NPA applied. Desensitization to NPA was also seen in tissue slices where NPA increased net uptake of auxin, indicating that the apparant adaptation in the auxin transport system did not result possibly from auxin accumulated during transport inhibition. Studies on in vitro binding of NPA to membrane vesicles isolated from the coleoptile indicated that preincubation of the tissue with NPA resulted in the reduced binding activity. Scatchard analysis of the data indicated that this was due to decreases in the number of NPA binding sites. The possibility of causal relationship of modified NPA receptors to the sensory adaptation in auxin transport observed in coleoptile segments will be discussed.

옥수수 ( Zea mays L. ) 자엽초 절편에서 에틸렌 생성에 대한 오옥신의 작용 특성

윤인선(In Sun Yoon),강빈구(Bin G . Kang) 한국식물학회 1991 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.34 No.4

The ability of several auxin analogs to induce ethylene production was tested in the corn coleoptile. The synthetic auxins 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) had strong stimulatory effects on ethylene induction surpassing that of IAA. Both 2-naphthalaneacetic acid (2-NAA) and 2,6-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,6-D), structural analogs of these auxins, respectively, were found to be inactive. Treatment with NPA, a strong inhibitor of polar auxin transport, led to drastic increase in IAA-induced ethylene production while it has no effect on ethylene production induced by 1-NAA. A positive correlation existed between intracelluar auxin level and ethylene production.

황백화도니 완두 유식물에서 Protein Kinase 억제물질에 의한 옥신의 극성 이동의 저해

남명희(Myung Hee Nam),강빈구(Bin G . Kang) 한국식물학회 1995 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.38 No.4

Treatment of Pisum sativum tissue with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosphorine resulted in impairment of ^3H-indoleacetic acid transport in etiolated stem segments. The transport inhibition was accompanied by an increase in net uptake of labeled auxin in the tissue. The magnitude of auxin accumulation in tissue treated with the phytotropin N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid(NPA) which specifically blocks the efflux of auxin in the plasma membrane was reduced by the protein kinase inhibitor, suggesting that inhibition of protein phosphorylation could lead to hindrance of the auxin-exporting function of NPA receptors. The flavonoid genistein which is also known to inibit protein kinase likewise reduced NPA-induced auxin accumulation. However, the flavonoid did not bring about auxin accumulation by itself, nor did it inhibit auxin transport. In view of the finding that the flavonoid also competes with NPA for a common binding site, a mechanism for the flavonoid effect on the NPA action will be proposed.