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김당택 호남사학회 2014 역사학연구 Vol.54 No.-
Historians of Korea explain political history of King Songjong∼Jungjong's reign as the political struggle between Hungupa and Sarimpa. It has been understood that Sarimpa designated Kim Chongjik and his own disciples who had their base in Kyongsang province and were small and middle level landowners, on the other hand, Hungupa were the men of holding the reins of power, occupying high office and possessing an abundance of lands and slaves, wealth. But the term of Sarim was commonly used to designate men of Yangban class, so the political faction named Sarimpa consisting of Kim Chongjik and his own disciples has never existed in Choson Dynasty. Young men of Yangban class in Songjong's reign criticized Sejo's usurpation to have been an immoral, unrighteous act. They accented that integrity was the main virtue of Yangban. The Censorate took lead such an opinion and students of National Academy and Four Colleges sympathized with their opinion. Their opinion strongly influenced to comtemporary political situation. The reason that Kim Ilson, a disciple of Kim Chongjik, had incorporated his teacher's 'Lament for the Righteous Emperor.' into his draft history prepared for the official history, or annals, of Songjong's reign was the act of being aware of such circumstances. Cho Kwangjo appearing in Chungjong's reign had been supported by young men of Yangban by his action of showing that he was the man of standing against the political power. He could assume political power only after four years since starting government service. That was because he could have the support of young men of Yangban. In the end, the characteristic of political history during Songjong∼Jungjong's reign was that the opinion of young men of Yangban who regarded the integrity as the main virtue of Yangban strongly influenced to political development. 학계는 조선 성종∼중종대의 정치사를 ‘사림파’와 ‘훈구파’의 갈등으로 설명한다. 그러나 김종직과 그의 문인을 ‘사림파’로 지칭한 예는 기록에 보이지 않는다. 또한 후대의 학자들이 그렇게 부를 수 있는 김종직과 그 문인을 중심으로 한 정치세력도 존재하지 않았다. 사림은 사족, 즉 양반 출신으로 벼슬한 인물들만이 아니라 아직 벼슬하지 않은 인물까지를 포괄해서 지칭하는 용어였다. 따라서 김종직과 그의 문인은 물론이고 훈구로 지칭되는 인물도 사림이었다. 그러므로 선조 이전은 물론이고, 이후에도 사림이 집권한 것은 당연한 일이었다. 그렇다면 성종∼중종대의 정치사는 어떻게 이해해야 하는가. 성종∼중종대 정치사의 특징은 절의가 사림, 즉 양반의 중요한 덕목임을 강조한 젊은 양반의 여론이 정치에 커다란 영향을 끼친 데 있었다. 김일손이 김종직의 「조의제문」을 사초에 올려 세상에 공개한 것은 이러한 분위기를 의식한 것이었다. 한편 조광조는 젊은 양반의 여론을 등에 업고 집권하였으나, 현량과 설치 등을 통해 자파의 이익을 추구한 데 대해 일부 양반이 실망함으로써, 몰락하고 말았다.
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김당택 호남사학회 2005 역사학연구 Vol.24 No.-
Yi Song-gye’s Marching his army back from Wiwha Island(위화도회군) was the first step toward the establishment of new dynasty. But there have been disputes between reachers about the fact that when Yi Song-gye determined to established the new Dynasty. To know the time of Yi Song-gye’s determining to establish the new dynasty is very important to understand the political situation at that time and the characteristics of the reforms which made by Yi Song-gye faction. Some said that Yi Song-gye decided to establish the new dynasty at the time of Marching his army back from Wiwha Island and others denied it. This article backs the first assertion. Choi yong’s decision to invade the Liao-tung region of Manchuria was against the Ming proclamation of establishing Chollyong Commandary(철령위), but in fact, he aimed to cut the Yi Song-gye’s private army through invading the Liao-tung(요동공격). Yi Song-gye well knew that. So his returning his army from Wiwha Island was very natural. And his action was not different from the denying Koryo Dynasty. Actually, within Yi Song-gye faction, there was a movement to enthrone Yi Song-gye as a new king. But, because of facing many people’s object, Yi Song-gye could not be a king. He and his faction exerted to assess supporters and tried to reform ruling structure. For this, Cho Chun who was one of honest obedience of Yi Song-gye drove reforms of Private Landholding, political structure and military organization. Thus, the reform driven by Yi Song-gye faction was not for people, but for themselves. In a word, Yi Song-gye Marched his army back from Wiwha Island determining to establish new dynasty.
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高麗 顯宗·德宗代 對契丹(遼) 관계를 둘러싼관리들 간의 갈등
김당택 호남사학회 2007 역사학연구 Vol.29 No.-
A Conflict between Political Powers on the Diplomatic Relationship with Khitan(契丹) in Koryo King Hyunjong(顯宗) and Tokjong's(德宗) Reign After Khitan's invasion in the first year of King Hyunjong, a hard line and a moderate line policy toward Khitan were selected alternately in Koryo. Most of the officials of the hawks were the civilians who passed the civil service examination. The moderates were also civilians who passed the civil service examination. Accordingly, Shin Chae-ho's(申采浩) assertion that most of Confucian Scholars in Koryo insisted moderate foreign policy and they could be called xenophobic, was not a proper view. Passing civil service examination was by no means the criterion of the hard-liner and the moderate-liner. The officials who insisted on a hard line policy toward Kitan were on the whole Hyunjong's close associates. They were using the foreign policy to strengthen king's authority. The tension between Koryo and Kitan were conducive to make political crises and that situation was useful to strengthen king's authority. Most of officials were aware of that and they insisted the moderate line policy toward Khitan. The hard line policy continued from the 18th year of the Hyunjong's reign to the reign of King Tokjong who was the successor of Hyunjong. But many officials opposed to the hard-line policy, which meant that most of officials were against strengthening king's authority. After all, Wang Ka-do(王可道), the leader of the hard line policy, who was Tokjong's father-in-law, felled from power and Tokjong died. 高麗 顯宗·德宗代 對契丹(遼) 관계를 둘러싼 관리들 간의 갈등 현종 원년 거란의 침입을 당한 이후, 고려에서는 대거란 강경론과 온건론이 번갈아 채택되었다. 대거란 강경론자의 대부분은 과거급제자였으며, 온건론자들도 과거 출신자들이었다. 따라서 대외관계에 있어서 온건론을 견지한 인물들은 과거 출신 유학자들로서 사대주의자들이었다는 신채호의 주장은 반드시 정당한 것이라고 할 수 없다. 과거의 합격 여부가 대거란 강경론과 온건론의 기준이 된 것은 아니었다. 대거란 강경론을 주장한 인물들은 대체로 현종의 측근들이었다. 그들은 대외관계를 이용하여 왕권을 강화하려고 하였다. 고려와 거란 간의 긴장관계는 정치적 위기를 조장하여 왕권을 강화하는 데 도움이 되었기 때문이다. 많은 관리들은 이에 반대하여 대거란 온건론을 주장하였다. 대거란 강경론은 현종 18년 이후 덕종대까지 지속되었다. 그러나 왕권강화에 반대한 관리들은 대거란 강경론에 비판적이었다. 결국 덕종의 장인이며 대거란 강경론자인 왕가도가 실각한데 이어 덕종도 젊은 나이에 사망하였다.
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