중국 기업의 시장 접근제도에 관한 소고

조동제 ( Dong Je Cho ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2011 유라시아연구 Vol.8 No.3

시장은 교역활동이 발생하는 장소와 영역이다. 시장주체는 시장에서 각종 시장 활동에 종사 하는 조직과 개인이다. 시장에서 상품거래활동에 종사하는 시장주체는 주로 기업이며 공업화 과정에서 기업은 매우 중요한 지위에 있다. 중국은 전면적인 대내개혁과 대외개방을 통하여 시장경제가 전통적인 계획경제를 대체하였다. 오늘날 중국의 기업법률제도는 자유·공개 무역을 지지하고 경쟁을 독려하고 있다. 이에 따라 법률은 그에 걸맞게 기업가와 투자자의 합법적인 권리와 이익을 보호하였다. 중국은 이미 기업소유제 입법에 따른 전통방식에서 벗어나 “재산권 명확, 권한과 책임 명확, 정부와 기업분리, 과학적 관리”라는 현대기업제도의 기본정신을 본받음으로써 기업생산경영활동에 종사하는 법제 환경이 가일층 개선되었다. 중국 정부는 정책과 계획지표 등 형식을 통하여 하나의 비교적 완전한 시장접근제도[市場准入制度]를 수립하였는데, 이는 대외무역특허경영제도와 수많은 산업정책, 외국인 투자정책, 업종관리제도, 경쟁정책 등이다. 시장접근제도는 기업등기관리를 핵심으로 한다. 이러한 제도는 시장주체를 규범화하고 기업은 반드시 그에 상응한 생산경영활동에 종사하는 기본조건과 능력을 구비함으로써 시장의 정상적인 운영을 보호할 것을 요구하며, 시장주체의 기본상황을 파악하여 국가가 시장경영활동에 대해 유효한 관리와 감독의 진행을 보증하며, 시장주체의 기본상황을 공개함으로써 소비자와 기타 시장경영주체의 합법적 권리와 이익을 보호하는 점을 들 수 있다. 시장접근 측면에서 중국의 현행 입법은 준칙주의와 행정허가주의의 혼합방식을 채택함과 동시에 그에 상응한 일반 시장접근제도와 특수 시장접근제도를 수립하였다. 중국의 거시경제 환경의 발전과 변화에 따라 일부 새로운 상황이 출현하여 현재의 시장접근제도는 실무에서 많은 문제가 나타나고 있다. 이에 대해서 중국의 다원화 시장주체구조를 발전시키고 자유공평의 시장 질서를 건전하게 하고 중국의 WTO 가입으로 형성한 국제경쟁 환경의 수요에 순응하기 위해서 중국은 기업시장접근제도를 개선하여야 한다고 본다. 중국은 앞으로 시장접근제도의 보다 더 나은 개선을 통하여 각 상사주체가 중국시장에서 자유로운 경쟁과 교역을 진행하고 자유롭게 정보를 공용하도록 더욱더 노력하여야 할 것이다. 중국의 사회주의 시장경제는 개혁개방 이후 많은 발전을 가져왔지만, 아직도 불균형적인 면이 존재하고 있다. 이를 이유로 시장주체 간에 평등과 경쟁체제가 완벽하지 못하다는 점을 지적받고 있다. 시장경제는 시장주체가 자주성 경제를 발휘할 수 있어야 하며, 이를 위한 기본 조건은 법제경제이어야 한다. 완비된 법률제정이 있어야 시장의 법률수요에 만족할 수 있으며, 비로소 시장경제의 온건성과 신속한 발전을 보증할 수 있다. 중국은 현대기업제도의 수립에 따라 기업의 재산관계, 조직형식, 권리구조 등에 변화를 나타내고 있으며, 기업시장접근제도는 경제전환과 시장발전에 따라 끊임없이 개선되고 있다. 사회주의 시장경제체계가 점진적으로 확립됨에 따라 중국경제와 세계경제가 갈수록 결합되어지고 있으며, 대부분의 현행 외자법률, 법규, 규장이 국내법률, 법규와 통일되어 가는 추세다. 특히 한국 투자기업은 중국진출에 많은 관심을 가지고 있는 것과 관련하여 중국 기업법률의 변화에 주목하여 볼 필요가 있다. As the enterprises being the most important parts in the market, the rationality of market access system of enterprises has great effect to the economic development. But this system has been dropped behind during the conversing period from planning to marketing. The market access means the permission of entering the market. It is a kind of control on products and services of the market subjects in such issues as entering and going out of market by setting some conditions. Market access is the direct control or intervention that the government (or country) allows market players and trading partners to enter a particular market to do, according to certain rules, in order to overcome market failures and achieve some sort of public policy. The main market access system is to establish and improve the socialist market economic system and the protection of the foundation. The market access law is a total of law rules that the government uses to regulate the market entry and exit of the market players, and the products and service they provide, in order to raise the late of resources distribution, prevent disorderly competition and protect economic security. Defining from the characteristics, law of market access has the features of public law while mixing some factors of private law. It is an organic body including substantial law and procedural law; it has a main part of law concerned with subjects in market while a miner part of law dealing with actions. In a word ,the law of market access belongs to economic law and it is an important part of law that regulates the markets on the whole. However, because China`s current laws and regulations are not perfect, leading to the main body of China`s market access system for there are many disadvantages. Such as: incomplete registration laws, registration system is imperfect, complicated registration procedures, registration requirements and other restrictions too. Therefore, further reform and improve the market access system in China is a priority. Since the requirement the market access asks governmental regulation for is effected by diverse factors, this demand-and-supply is changing dynamically. The establishment of China`s market economy as well as the corresponding market access system for business establishment, has brought variety of forms of enterprises, and promote the prosperity and development of the market, but the standard of fairness to the formation of China`s accession to the WTO the international competitiveness of the requirement to measure the environment, China`s market access mechanism for surviving in a number of defects, how to reform the system of perfecting China`s market access will become an important research topic, this article in the title Analysis of Chinese enterprises focus on the basic pattern of market access, analysis of its non-adaptive, thinking about reforming and perfecting the program.

中國 農村家庭土地受給經營權 流動化에 따른 과제

조동제(Cho Dong-Je),沈萍(Shen Ping) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2010 東亞法學 Vol.- No.48

The significance of studying Rural Land Contractual Management Right is set by the importance of the Rural Land Contractual Management System, which has tremendous influence in Chinese Land legislation, with its core part of guaranteeing the transferring of Management Right of Land Contract(hereinafter called the Transferring System). Nowadays during the process of reform and opening up, with the development of industrialization and marketability, to innovate the Transferring System, establish and keep improving the allocation mechanism of the rural land resource according to the rules of market-oriented economy, became the key for solving the Three Dimensional Rural Issues. However, the Transferring System still meets problems while execution, due to the lack of a sound and unified market, as well as the imperfectness of the existing Rural Land System. The author of this thesis raised her own idea and suggestion toward these problems, by the way of analysing the existing circumstance and the barriers during the execution of the Transferring System, under the policy of Balance Urban and Rural Development.

中國 土地使用權 出讓에 관한 法律的 檢討

조동제(Cho Dong-Je) 한국재산법학회 2004 재산법연구 Vol.21 No.1

The basic concept farmed by the 1988 amendments to the Constitution is the separation of land use rights from the ownership of land Subsequently, a series of laws and regulations have been promulgated to perfect the legal framework of China's land use system AccordIng to the Constitution, all land located in urban areas is owned by the State, while the land in rural and city suburban areas is collectiveiy owned. Collective owners of land generally include farmer economic collectives, village commumties or township farmers collectives, In other words, all land is publicly owned by either the State or the collectives. On the other hand, land use rights are distinguished as type of intangible property, and may be sold by the State to various land users including companies, enterprises, organizations, or individuals for value, Land users who have acquired land use rights from the State may, in a further step, sell or transfer in some other way, the land use fights to third parties, but the land always remains in public ownership.

中國 社會主義市場經濟下의 物權法 特色

조동제(Dong-Je Cho) 한국비교사법학회 2007 比較私法 Vol.14 No.4

  The Real Right Act of the People’s Republic of China was passed by the National People’s Representative Assembly on March 16, 2007. The Real Right Act has decisive influence on the distribution, management, and utilization of resources. It is also directly related to the demonstration and content of the reform policy of China.<BR>  Contemporary property legislation must over come the deviation of functional and value orientation, and neglect of domestic legislation tradition. Modern value objectives should be introduced, ideas concerning property Law should be renovated, and a new theonyof legislation should integrate the cultural significance of law and its characteristics concerning form so as to give rise to the modernization of the legislation of property Law.<BR>  As a basic law securing the property right, the property law should equally protect private right equal to state’s and collective’s. The real law must give common legal acceptance and equal protection to the various property ownership.<BR>  Recently, private property ownership right should be perfectly safeguarded by the law of property right by taking measures, for example, of establishing the guidelines of equally protecting varieties of ownership property right, definition demonstrably the scope of property right law on the property right of non-public ownership, and enacting the norms of protection being special reference to private property right.<BR>  Compared to all other resolutions, the provision in the Real Right Act, imperfect as it is, is deemed the most reasonable one and thus should be maintained in the future Real Right Act.

中國 會社法 改正에 대한 評價와 分析

조동제(Dong-Je Cho) 한국비교사법학회 2006 比較私法 Vol.13 No.4

  The announcement and enforcement of the chinese corporate law became accomplished by the necessity of economic reform in 1993. The importance of chinese economic reform was the State-owend enterprise reform, and this state-owned enterprise reform brought up very important change of the chinese law system. Such the chinese corporate law is leading the common ownership system with its feature of remarkable common ownership systems and because of its standardized various corporate organization which coexists economic element its feature has very remarkable common ownership systems.<BR>  For example, among the features of incorporated company, it represents that it keeps the trace of the State-owend company which guarantees the right and interests of the workers who participated in the management of the Solely State-owend company. Because of the such law system"s past insufficient experience or existing law system has colors of high level official regulations, the corporate law legislation becomes to have the conservative colours.<BR>  Furthermore, it was difficult to satisfy the investment demands because of the too high threshold of the corporate establishment. Also the right and responsibility of the stockholders general meeting, board of directors, board of auditor and accounting was not clear because the corporate governance structure was irrational. And the protection system against the profit of the minority shareholder was insufficient. The regulation of the stocks issue, transfer and list already could not meet with the investment financing actual demands of the corporate, and the sincere duty and other legal responsibility of the high level official of the corporate such as the director and auditor and the regulation regarding the law responsibility was insufficient and It could not be satisfied the demands which protects the safe transactions and establishment of social trust systems. With this the chinese corporate law was behind in development of current social system and it can not follow in practice demand of the company and the enterprise.<BR>  Because about 10 years period of exclusion of the chinese corporate law corresponded to meet with the phased demand of the State-owned corporate system"s reform in the early legislation stage, the law structure internal system arrangement was not smooth. The basic direction of chinese corporate law reform should be establishment of the market order from above the foundation which lessens the government control. As we can view the 2005 chinese corporation law reform, corporate governing structure, corporate social liability, piercing the corporate veil, one-person corporation(subject to limited company), etc. new regulation and related criterion was introduced into the new corporate law. Against an existing corporate system and practical operation direction it improved and reinforced with very greatly.<BR>  Namely, lessens of the capital system, the improvement of corporate business operation, enhancement of the responsibility duty of the management level and strict demands of the stocked corporation"s system which realized criterion into the new corporate law became to meet with the demand of the operation of the corporate business organization. And with the introduction of these such law regulations, the space of corporate"s intention self-government became to be more wide and the regulations of the administration official regulation became to be reduced.

임신빈혈의 임상통계학적 고찰

조동제(DJ Cho),신옥(Ok Shin),송찬호(CH Song),곽현모(HM Kwak) 대한산부인과학회 1978 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.21 No.4

저자는 1974년 1월부터 1975년 12월까지 만 2년간 연세대학교 의과대학 부속 세브란스병원 산부인과에 입원 분만한 임신 20주 이상인 산모 3932예를 대상으로 입원시 측정한 혈색소량이 10gm/dl 이상인 산모 3581예를 대조군으로 하여 10gm/dl 미만인 산모 351예에 대하여 임상통계학적으로 조사를 실시하여 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 빈혈의 발생빈도는 특진산모군에서 8.4%, 일반산모군에서 11.3%로 일반산모군에서 높았으며 산전진찰회수가 증가함에 따라 발생빈도는 감소하였다. 2) 빈혈의 발생빈도는 분만, 조산 및 유산경력이 많은 산모군에서 많았으며 특히 4회이상 분만 혹은 유산한 산모군에서 급격히 증가하였다. 3) 빈혈의 발생빈도는 임신기간이 짧을수록 높았으며 특히 32주 이전에 조산한 산모군에서 급격히 증가하였다. 4) 빈혈의 발생빈도는 다태임신, 기생충감염 및 임신중독증이 있는 산모군에서 높았으며 임신빈혈이 있는 산모는 산후출혈이 많았다. 5) 빈혈이 있는 산모군에서 분만후 합병증이 많았다. A hemoglobin concentration of 10gm/dl or less are generally accepted as a indication of the presence of anemia during pregnancy. The incidence of anemia during pregnancy is variable, depending on the socioeconomic status of the patients and many other factors. There are many responsible factors for the anemia during pregnancy, including chronic maternal disease, parasites infestation, repeated pregnancy and abortion and many other factors. Majority of anemia during pregnancy are iron deficiency, folate deficiency or combination of both. This study is a clinical analysis and evaluation for the anemia during pregnancy on 3932 cases of pregnant women who were admitted and delivered after 20 weeks of gestation at Yonsei medical center from 1974 to 1975. The followings are the result of this study. 1) The incidence of anemia during pregnancy were 8.4% in private cases and 11.3% in clinic cases. 2) The incidence of anemia during pregnancy was decreased with the number of antepartal visites. 3) The incidence of anemia during pregnancy was increased with the number of delivery or abortion. 4) The anemia during pregnancy was more frequent in premature group especially before 32 weeks of gestational age. 5) The anemia during pregnancy was more frequent in the group who had parasites infestation. 6) The anemia during pregnancy was frequently associated with toxemia. 7) The anemia during pregnancy was frequent in the multiple pregnancy. 8) Unusual postpartal hemorrhage was more frequent in anemia group. 9) The post partum complications were more frequent in anemia group.

中國 農村宅地使用權에 관한 법적 검토

조동제(Cho Dong-Je),심평(Shen Ping) 한국재산법학회 2008 재산법연구 Vol.25 No.1

  After Decades of years of reform and opening policy in China, lots of achievements, which are about the reconstruction of property rights to the use of land in China, have been reached at theoretical level. Property Law in 2007,Doing away with the out-of-date theories and creating new ones are a general trend. However, why did the legislators make such a choice that goes against the public idea again? We try to describe and analysis the qualification and the licility of the right in the Chinese Rural Housing Land by following sections.<BR>  First, on the basis of the Methodology of Institutional Change Theory, the author describes and analysis the history and development of the right in the China Rural Housing Land. Could help people to understand the situation of today and the future of the right in rural housing land.<BR>  Second, the author defines the concept and the property of the right in rural housing land, a general concept in China of the right to the use in rural housing land is an usufructuary right, obviously ignore the fact of ideology features of China legislation system. It is the most possibly an ideal decision to meet the traditional theory of the law and the provisional economical system. It could not explain validity of the right in rural housing land under the China public ownership system. The authors persist on that the usufructuary right and right in rural housing land are complex rights, one should impersonally understand these right when study right in the Rural Housing Land.<BR>  Third, research the mainstay, achieve, circulation of the right in the Rural Housing Land, analysis more depth in the manner of the circulation of the right in rural housing land, studies more in details on the defects of the existing circulations system, putting forward some feasible suggestions on the defects.

中國 建設用地使用權의 出讓에 관한 法的 檢討

趙東濟(Cho, Dong-Je),沈 萍(Shen, Ping) 한국재산법학회 2010 재산법연구 Vol.26 No.3

引 言 中国国有建设用地使用权利用走过了一条无偿无期限无流动到有偿有期限有流动的自我更新之路。2003年开始,国家正式提出运用土地政策参与宏观调控。数年的立法和调控历程中的种种政策,逐步形成了一个土地使用权出让的法律体系。 2007年10月1日实施的《物权法》对建设用地使用权的内容专门分章规定,并把建设用地使用权正式列为用益物权范畴,从而以法的形式明确了土地有偿使用制度改革的成果。同年,国土资源部根据《物权法》对《招标拍卖挂牌出让国有土地使用权规定》修正为《招标拍卖挂牌出让国有建设用地使用权规定》,对招拍挂出让国有建设用地的范围、原则、程序和合同签订进行了明确规定。2008年《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》施行,加强了对土地出让合同的管理。 不能忽视的是,除法律外,中国建设用地使用权出让还充斥着大量的政策。据不完全统计,2003年以来,国家发布的仅涉及土地宏观调控政策的文件有60多个,形成了由宏观到微观、由原则到具体操作层面较为完整的政策体系。 但由于目前中国建设用地使用权出让法律制度尚处于创建和不断修正阶段,在立法和实践中仍存在着诸多问题。《物权法》中存在大量的“依照法律规定”等原则性的提法,为今后修改和调整土地管理法律等行政法律留下了余地。无疑,借《物权法》出台契机,逐步修改与该法脱节的法律,建立并完善国有土地使用权出让法律体系,具有重要的意义。由此,从建设用地使用权出让法律问题进行探讨就具备了一定的理论意义和实用价值。 一、建设用地使用权的概念 (一)中国不同时期法律文件中的建设用地使用权 “建设用地”的用语很早就出现在中国的各种法律文件之中。1958年国务院公布的《国家建设征用土地办法》就已经使用了建设用地的概念。此后,在一些法规文件中建设用地的概念一直被沿用。1998年修订后的《中华人民共和国土地管理法》开始使用了建设用地使用权的概念,该法第11条在农民集体所有的土地依法用于非农业建设的场合,使用了建设用地使用权。同时,在该法第五章“建设用地”中,规定了建设单位使用国有土地的国有土地使用权。在当时出台的《城市规划法》、《城市房地产管理法》等法律文件中都体现了相同的用法。这一时期的“建设用地使用权”的概念已经形成,主要用来表述农村集体土地用于非农业建设的场合的土地使用权,和“国有土地使用权”成了并列的法律概念。 (二)《物权法》中的建设用地使用权概念 根据《物权法》第135条的规定,建设用地使用权是指权利人为了利用土地建造建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施而依法对国家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的物权。因此,《物权法》颁布后,不仅以建设用地使用权的概念替代了土地使用权的概念,而且建设用地使用权的概念发生了一个有趣的转变:由原本仅用于表述对集体所有土地进行利用的概念变成了仅用于表述对国家所有土地进行利用的概念。这种概念内涵的平移,产生了对集 With the deepening of the reform on land use system, laws and policies for construction land use rights transfer have been made and developed. As China is reforming from planning economy to market economy, the right of use in state-owned construction land develops into a new stage of being paid, time-limited, and circulating. Land policies have been an indispensable part of macro-regulation of economy since 2003. A law and policy system has been set up after several years’ effort on legislation and regulation. Based on the land use reform, "construction land use rights" has gained its legal status, according to Property Law promulgated in 2007. Property Law provides a wider range, as well as the ways, of land-use transfer, compared with Real Estate Management Law. Land Management Law, Urban Real Estate Administration Law, and other administration rules and regulations were the main provisions of land-use transfer before Property Law was issued. Construction land use rights transfer is a state monopoly. Its legal system consists of civil law system, land administration, economic legal system, and various relevant policies. Problems exist, since China is undergoing a stage of constructing and revising law policies of land-use rights transfer. The formulation of principles by Property Law leaves room for revision and adjustment of land management laws. The promulgation of Property Law provides a good chance to revise, establish, and improve the law system of the state-owned construction land-use rights transfer. This thesis explores the legislative defects and the practical problems of the present land-use rights transfer through analyzing the basic theories and present law regulations, and puts forward the ideas of improvement on the law of construction land transfer. This thesis consists of four parts:

中國 農村土地受給經營權에 관한 법적 검토

조동제(Cho, Dong-je) 한국재산법학회 2012 재산법연구 Vol.29 No.3

중국경제체제개혁의 목표 모델은 사회주의시장경제체제의 수립이다. 중국 농촌의 역사적 발전 상황과 현행 법률의 입법목적에서 보면, 가정수급경영권은 그 성질상 구성원권속성을 구비하고 있고, 그 실질적 권리 주체는 집체경제조직 구성원으로 되어 있다. 또한 농촌집체경제조직구성원은 그 구성원 신분에 따라 평등한 권리를 향유하고 있다. 물권법의 시행에 따라 토지수급경영권의 물권성질은 점진적으로 인정을 받게 되어 토지수급경영권을 일종의 용익물권으로 삼게 되었다. 가정도급은 농촌토지수급경영 중에서 매우 주요한 방식 중의 하나이다. 가정도급 토지에 대해서는 물권적 보호를 실시하고 토지수급경영권에 대해서 당사자의 권리의무관계를 수립하고 있다. 그리고 기타 형식으로 도급한 토지에 대해서는 채권보호를 실행하고 당사자의 권리 의무, 도급기간(承包期) 및 도급비용 등은 모두 계약으로 정하며 도급기간내에도 당사자는 협상을 통해 변경할 수 있도록 하였다. 토지수급경영권의 권리 주체가 집체경제조직 구성원 인가 또는 농가(農戶) 인가는 직접적으로 그 권리의 이익 귀속 및 존속과정 중의 권리 변경에 직접적으로 영향을 미친다. 오늘날 법학이론에서는 중국사회주의시장경제 발전의 진전 과정 중에서 농촌토지수급 경영권의 유동문제를 연구의 초점으로 삼고 있다. 질서 있는 농촌토지수급경영권의 유통기제는 농민의 이익 실현에 관련되어 있고, 더욱이 농업생산과 농촌개혁, 발전과 안정적인 정세에 관련이 있다. 농촌토지수급경영권의 주체를 개선하는데 있어서 채권행위와 물권행위를 구분하여 토론할 필요가 있다. 권리주체가 변하지 않는 하도급, 임대 등 채권처분행위에 대하여는 계약자유의 원칙을 존중하여야 한다. 그러나 권리주체의 변화를 특성으로 하는 양도, 교환과 주식산입 등 물권처분행위에 대해서는 토지수급경영권의 사회보장직능을 분리하여 농촌사회보장체계를 개선하는 전제하에서 협조와 보살핌을 주어야 한다. Establishing a perfect socialist economy system has always been the purpose of the economic system reform in China. Three important resources to constitute the productivity are labor force, capital, and land, which also called three factors. The sign of the final formation of the market economy is that these three factors of productivity are allocated through market mechanisms in the main part. Property Law in China recognizes the property nature of the right to land contractual management, and treats it as an independent usufructuary property rights. Considering from the history and specification perspective, the household contractual management rights have the nature of rights to membership. What’s more, the substantive rights of the subject should be a member of collective economic organization, and the form of the subject should be individual farmers. In short, the right should be an equal enjoyment of rights for each member of the collective economic organization in nature. Household contractual management rights are one of the main forms of the rights of rural land contractual management. The subject of contractual management rights will decide the profit ownership of the rights, and it will affect its rights to change the form. The circulation problems of the rights of rural land contractual management has became a hot research topic in current legal theory. Therefore, the development of socialist market economic in depth will depend on the formation of a perfect rural land circulation market, so as to promote a reasonable circulation and effective allocation of agricultural production factors. The orderly circulation mechanisms of rights of rural land contractual management are both related to the realization of the vital interests of farmers, but also related to agricultural production, rural reform, development and stabilization. A distinction should be made between the creditor behavior and the behavior of real right to be discussed, while we improve the subject of the rural land contractual system. For the behavior of bond disposition like the subcontract, lease which does not change the subjects of the contracts, we should respect the freedom principle of contract, recognize it and protect it. Meanwhile, for the behavior of disposition of property rights which changes the subject of rights such as, transfer, exchange, and shares, we should support it on the premise that the rural social security has been perfected and the social security function inherent in the land management right has been stripped. The legal system of rural land contractual management rights about transferring is still not perfect. Consequently, the thesis argues that the legal system should be perfect though two aspects: on one hand, from the perfect start of the right of its own, strengthening the real right attribute of contractual right of the rural land, and bestowing complete land title on the farmers; on the other hand, from the improvement of the system, improving the registration system of the rural land assignment and the compensation mechanism of the rural land expropriation, and establishing a sound market mechanism for the rural transferring operation.

해외자료(海外資料) : 중국(中國) 외국인투자기업(外國人投資企業)의 개념(槪念)과 특징(特徵)에 관한 소고(小考)

조동제 ( Dong Je Cho ) 법조협회 2002 法曹 Vol.51 No.5