"동남아 문화(文化) 탐구" : 끈질긴 저항과 침략의 역사

송정남 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 2005 국제지역정보 Vol.148 No.-

베트남인의 姓名 一考察

송정남 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 국제지역연구 Vol.17 No.4

Kinh race, composed more than 80% of Vietnamese people, can write their names in Chinesecharacters. Generally, Vietnamese names are consists of 3 parts “Family name (Last name) +Middle name + First name”. Vietnamese call each other by “title + First name”. It is hard to figure out exactly how many Vietnamese family names are used due to diverse ethnicgroups and complicated history of family names. Not only politics but also sexual equality in today’ssociety has influenced on the diversities of family names. While a Vietnamese family name is being used to represent one's lineage, a middle name is usedto represent one’s gender. The most commonly used middle names for men and women are “Van”and “Thi”. A Typical middle name “Thi” is no longer frequently used for women from urban areasthese days, and this reflects the current changes. Generally, middle name can differentiate men and women. However, this isn’t absolutely the case,because women also use men’s common middle name. Now as women use the middle name “Thi” lessthan before, it is hard to distinguish men or women just by one’s middle name. It is also possible to distinguish gender by the first name although it is not as much as the middlename. It’s because there are customarily used first names for each gender. However, as there areexceptional to first names, sometimes it is hard to tell whether a person is a male or female by themiddle name. It is a similar phenomenon in Korean's names. Parents or grandparents give a name to a child considering many things in Vietnam. Variousprinciples exist in naming. Vietnamese have many different names for their entire life starting fromchildhood name. They have different names during their lifetime and after death. It is also possibleto tell the different races by one’s name. In addition, just by knowing one’s name, one can knowperson’s status, social class, etc. Vietnamese names and place names are used interchangeable. Therefore, many place names arefrom people’s name, and people’s names are from place names. However, there are principles innaming. People’s names who contributed significantly to the society have been frequently used. 베트남 민족의 90% 이상을 차지하는 경족의 성명은 한자 표기가 가능하다. 성명은 3음절이 일반적이며 ‘첫 번째 이름(성) +가운데 이름 +마지막 이름’의 구조이다. 이 중 베트남인은‘호칭 +마지막 이름’의 형태로 상대방을 부른다. 종족이 다양한 것과 성의 형성 역사가 복잡한 관계로 베트남인의 성이 정확히 몇 개인지는알기 힘들다. 베트남인 성의 다양성은 정치성 외에도 오늘날 남녀평등의 사회현상도 한몫을한다. 베트남인의 성(姓)이 혈통을 구분하는 기능을 한다면 가운데 이름은 성(性)을 구분하는역할을 한다. 남녀에게 가장 많이 사용했던 가운데 이름은 각각 반(Văn, 文)과 티(Thị, 氏)였다. 변화는 시대를 반영하듯 오늘날에는 여자가 즐겨 썼던 티자도 도시를 중심으로 사용 빈도가 줄어들고 있다. 일반적으로 가운데 이름이 성을 구분하는 역할을 하지만 반드시 그렇지만은 않다. 여자의경우도 남자들이 즐겨 쓰는 가운데 이름을 쓰기 때문이다. 요즘처럼 여자의 가운데 이름에 티자를 사용하지 않는 것도 성 구분에 어려움이 된다. 가운데 이름만큼은 아니지만 마지막 이름으로도 성 구분이 가능하다. 이는 남녀가 습관적으로 즐겨 쓰는 문자가 있기 때문이다. 그러나 이도 예외가 있어 한국인의 이름처럼 구분이틀린 경우가 있다. 이름은 부모 혹은 조부가 여러 가지 상황을 고려하여 짓는다. 작명에는 다양한 원칙이 있다. 이름은 아명으로부터 시작하여 평생 동안 몇 개가 된다. 이름은 생전의 이름이 있는가 하면 사후의 이름도 있다. 베트남처럼 다양한 종족으로 구성된 경우는 성명이 종족 구분의 기능을 한다. 이뿐 아니라 성명은 신분, 사회계층 등을 구분하는 기능도 한다. 베트남의 인명과 지명은 상호 보완성이 크다. 따라서 지명에 인명이, 반대로 인명이 지명에많이 차용된 경우가 많다. 그러나 여기에도 원칙이 있다. 국가와 지역 사회의 발전에 크게 기여한 인물의 성명이 차용되는 형태다.

베트남에서 한국인의 이문화 갈등 요인과 유형, 그리고 해결방안

송정남,Nguyen Phuong Lam 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2010 국제지역연구 Vol.13 No.4

Through specific cases, this article examines the causes and measures to overcome cultural divergences most frequently encountered by Koreans living in Vietnam and Korean-contacting Vietnamese in terms of mode of communication, mode of living and mode of doing business. Historical reality proves that Vietnam and Korea have a lot in common in history, culture and society, due to the influence from the Chinese culture on both countries. However, each country has its own acculturation, hence, there exist, apart from the normal dissimilarities, differences between the two countries especially in natural environment andpolitical systems. As a result, in Vietnam, Koreans and Vietnamese have met with quite a lot of divergences in communication, business and living activities. In order to overcome these cultural divergences, in addition to the ceaseless efforts made by Koreans in Vietnam and Korean-contacting Vietnamese, there should be concern, assistance as well as cooperation between the people and the authorities of the two countries. We should draw lessons from the groundless or trivial affairs which, springing from the Chinese people’s dislike for Koreans, have been blown up and disseminated on the internet; where by we are to reconsider the relationship between Koreans and Vietnamese. What is more, Korea still feels historically ashamed to have sent nearly 350,000 soldiers to the wa rin Vietnam for economic purposes in the past. As our predecessors brought about that historic shame to get bread for our fatherland in exchange, our generation today should approach Vietnam out of a sense of responsibility towards history. Having experienced a period of economic difficulties, Vietnam innovated and started its open-door policy in 1987. However, this event should not be regarded as the reason for us to approach Vietnam with only one rigid economic principle. 본 연구의 내용은 베트남에서 거주하고 있는 한국인과 동시에 이들과 접촉하고 있는 베트남인이 겪고 있는 이문화적 갈등 원인들을 가장 보편적이라 할 수 있는 의사소통방식, 생활방식, 경영방식을 중심으로 유형별 사례를 통하여 살펴보고, 극복방안을 제시하였다. 전통시대에 양국은 중국의 문화권에 속했음으로 인하여 역사, 문화, 사회면에서 비슷한 점이 많음에도 불구하고 국내 동일문화에서 다름으로 비롯된 일반적 갈등 외에도 국외 이문화, 특히 상이한 자연환경과 체제 등과 같은 요인 때문에 베트남에서 양국인이 의사소통, 생활방식, 기업 등에서 겪는 갈등은 적지 않다. 이문화 갈등을 해결하기 위해서는 베트남 거주 한국인들과 이들과 접촉하고 있는 베트남인들의 부단 없는 노력 외에도 양국 관민의 관심과 지원, 그리고 협력도 필요하다. 중국의 반한감정에서 볼 수 있었듯이 인터넷의 발전을 타고 조그만 아니면 근거 없는 것들이 부풀려지고 조작되어 걷잡을 수 없는 상황으로까지 갔었던 예를 한국인과 베트남인의 관계에 반면교사로도 삼아야 한다. 더욱이 한국은 과거에 경제를 목적으로 35만에 가까운 군인을 파월시킨 부끄러운 역사가 있다. 우리 선배들이 조국의 빵 해결을 위해 이 땅에서 부끄러운 역사를 만든 주연이었다면, 이제 우리 세대는 結者解之의 차원에서 접근했으면 한다. 공산주의 이론만으로 빵을 만들어 낼 수 없다는 뼈저린 시행착오를 거쳐 1987년에 문을 열어젖힌 베트남에 지나치게 경제논리로만 접근하지 말았으면 한다.

베트남 북남조(北南朝)의 과시(科試) 일고찰(一考察)

송정남 ( Jung Nam Song ) 한국외국어대학교 동남아연구소 2015 東南亞硏究 Vol.25 No.2

Compared to the Northern dynasty, holding 22 times of Confucian exams in 65 years of its era, the Southern dynasty was only able to have 7 Confucian exams in 60 years of its period. The most distinctive feature of the Northern dynasty’s Confucian exam is that it precisely carried out the exams every 3 years despite having sharp conflicts with the South. However, the conflict between the two dynasties resulted in poor education systems and also weakened the exam’s purpose which was to select outstanding individuals. In a situation where the North and the South were fighting over their existence, they were also pitting against each other on which dynasty has more legitimacy. Meanwhile, they both inherited the system of the early Le dynasty. Therefore, the regulations of the Confucian exams in both dynasties were exactly the same as those of the early Le dynasty. The Jin-Sa stele, a stele which recorded the names of graduates in the Confucian exam, could not be put up at that time because of the small space of the Confucian shrine and Guk-ja.gam (Vietnam’s first university) in Thang Long. The long term conflict between the two dynasties was also one of the reasons why the stele could not be put up at a proper time and gave credibility to the argument that the United Southern dynasty damaged some of the Northern steles later on. Since the Northern dynasty was established after the downfall of the later Le dynasty, its legitimacy was evidently not firm enough. To overcome this disadvantage, the Northern dynasty used Ha Noi’s political, economical, social, cultural, educational and geographical merits to their advantage and achieved a great improvement in the Confucian exam system. On the other hand, the southern dynasty surely was more superior in its legitimacy by restoring the later Le dynasty. However, its Confucian exam system could not develop as fully as the North because it was a local government lacking in many aspects. The superiority of the Confucian exam system of the North did not lead to its triumph over the South. Yet, we cannot affirm that the Confucian exam system is related to the North’s downfall. The reason why the North collapsed despite having a lot of good traits and conditions of its own was because the leader was careless about governing, indulged in sensual pleasures and luxurious parties.

리왕조 과거제도(科擧制度) 일고찰(一考察)

송정남 ( Jung Nam Song ) 한국외국어대학교 동남아연구소 2011 東南亞硏究 Vol.20 No.2

아시아 농촌공업과 산업화

송정남 부산경남사학회 2000 역사와 경계 Vol.39 No.-

베트남의 역사

송정남 새얼문화재단 2002 황해문화 Vol.36 No.-

전통시대 베트남과 태국의 관계 : 베트남의 『大越史記全書』등을 중심으로

송정남(Song Jung Nam) 한국태국학회 2012 한국태국학회논총 Vol.18 No.2

As the historical experience tells that "the relationship has never been friendly between neighboring countries," Vietnam-Thailand relationship has not been a cordial one. One of the reasons why Vietnam's relationship with neighboring countries including Thailand has not been friendly was its so-called little Sinocentrism. Fortunately, confrontation between the two could have been regulated because both Champa and Cambodia has played buffer roles. However, with the decline of both Champa and Cambodia the relationship between Vietnam and Thailand has become more confrontational and fallen into the courses of collision. Since the early days southward advance of China which had political as well as economic objectives and the northward advance of Champa has made the Vietnamese history as the one which is full of struggles. Under the circumstances of continuing conflict and collision with Myanmar and Cambodia which was aimed at regional hegemony, Thai history has also been studded with various struggles. In order to overcome these problems the two countries has respectively pursued Southward and Eastward advance policy. As such, the bilateral ties between Vietnam and Thailand has been affected by Champa and Cambodia on the one hand and expansionist policy on the other. Both the Southward and Eastward advance of Vietnam and Cambodia has affected on the two countries' relationship, too. Nonetheless, it has not been so bad as the ones between Vietnam and Cambodia, or Thailand and Cambodia. It was because there were Champa and Cambodia as buffer zones. But then, of course it was not a friendly one because the two were both expansionist countries.

베트남 응우옌 왕조의 과시(科試)에 관한 연구(硏究): 시장 구조, 시관, 채점, 부정행위, 보임을 중심으로

송정남 ( Song Jung Nam ) 한국외국어대학교 동남아연구소 2019 東南亞硏究 Vol.29 No.2

Vietnam’s imperial examinations existed from 1075 to 1919. This paper includes the Nguyen dynasty’s examination focusing on structures of test sites, examiner, grading, cheating, appointment. The last dynasty of Vietnam, the Nguyen dynasty, was able to hold an examination in a safe way based on various accumulated expreriences from the former dynasty, test legislation and its strict enforcement. However, Vietnam became a French colony and modern education has started so the examination as a government official hiring process disappeared in history.

베트남 딩(Dinh:정)에 관한 연구 -옌 서(Yen So:안소)마을을 중심으로

송정남 한국외대 외국학종합연구센터 2003 국제지역연구 Vol.7 No.3