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Layer-by-Layer Doping of Few-Layer Graphene Film
Gü,neş,, Fethullah,Shin, Hyeon-Jin,Biswas, Chandan,Han, Gang Hee,Kim, Eun Sung,Chae, Seung Jin,Choi, Jae-Young,Lee, Young Hee American Chemical Society 2010 ACS NANO Vol.4 No.8
<P>We propose a new method of layer-by-layer (LbL) doping of thin graphene films. Large area monolayer graphene was synthesized on Cu foil by using the chemical vapor deposition method. Each layer was transferred on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate followed by a salt-solution casting, where the whole process was repeated several times to get LbL-doped thin layers. With this method, sheet resistance was significantly decreased up to ∼80% with little sacrifice in transmittance. Unlike samples fabricated by topmost layer doping, our sample shows better environmental stability due to the presence of dominant neutral Au atoms on the surface which was confirmed by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The sheet resistance of the LbL-doped four-layer graphene (11 × 11 cm<SUP>2</SUP>) was 54 Ω/sq at 85% transmittance, which meets the technical target for industrial applications.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2010/ancac3.2010.4.issue-8/nn1008808/production/images/medium/nn-2010-008808_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn1008808'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Jin Young Kim,Hee-Wang Yoo,Pyung-Gang Lee,SUN-GU LEE,Joo-Hyun Seo,Byung-Gee Kim 한국생물공학회 2019 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.24 No.1
In vivo protein evolution is a protein engineering approach that is performed by both generating mutagenesis libraries and selecting desired mutants in a cell. Despite its clear advantages in some aspects, the approach has not much been popularized compared to in vitro protein evolution methods which employ in vitro mutagenesis. The reason behind this unpopularity is the limitations in the low library diversity and specificity of in vivo mutagenic methods compared to those of in vitro mutagenic methods. While various non-specific and specific in vitro mutagenic methods, which allowed us to use computational design principles as well as random approach in the design of mutant library, had been developed, in vivo mutagenic methods were stalled at the step of random mutagenesis since the in vivo generation of target-specific library with high specificity and broad mutational spectra is quite challenging. Recently, various in vivo protein mutagenesis methods have been developed to generate rather focused libraries in a target-specific manner, thanks to the significant decrease in the price of oligomer synthesis and better understanding of DNA targeting systems. In this review, we examined the trends of in vivo protein evolution and inspect some of the state-of-the-art techniques that were recently introduced for in vivo protein mutagenesis in a target-specific manner. In vivo protein mutagenesis is a subject undergoing intense study and will become more specific and thorough simultaneously.
Calculation of GHGs Emission from LULUCF-Cropland Sector in South Korea
Seong-Jin Park,Chang-Hoon Lee,Myung-Sook Kim,Sun-Gang Yun,Yoo-Hak Kim,Byong-Gu Ko 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.6
The land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) is one of the greenhouse gas inventory sectors that cover emission and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from land use such as agricultural activities and land use change. Particularly, LULUCF-Cropland sector consists of carbon stock changes in soil, N₂O emissions from disturbance associated with land use conversion to cropland, and CO₂ emission from agricultural lime application. In this paper, we conducted the study to calculate the greenhouse gases emission of LULUCFCropland sector in South Korea from 1990 to 2014. The emission by carbon stock changes, conversion to cropland and lime application in 2014 was 4424, 32, and 125 Gg CO₂-eq, respectively. Total emission from the LULUCF- Cropland sector in 2014 was 4,582 Gg CO₂-eq, increased by 508% since 1990 and decreased by 0.7% compared to the previous year. Total emission from this sector showed that the largest sink was the soil carbon and its increase trend in total emission in recent years was largely due to loss of cropland area.